The Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 Essay - 2568 Words

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was a piece of legislation enacted by the United States Congress with the intent â€Å"to improve corporate governance and restore faith of investors† (Hanna, 2014). I have studied this act in my accounting courses, and the primary reason the act seems to have been implemented is due to the various accounting scandals involving major corporations at the time, such as Enron and WorldCom (Hanna, 2014). The United States economy was still recovering from the dot-com bubble that burst in the late 1990s (Hanna, 2014), and a mild recession that occurred during 2001. Thus, the major accounting scandals that were causing large corporations to fold further shook investor confidence. In my opinion, if it weren’t for this act, many investors would have abandoned the stock market permanently or at least restricted their investments to highly conservative blue chip companies, hindering the ability for other companies to raise capital for growth. One of the arguments critics had about the law was the â€Å"mandate that required public companies to obtain an independent audit of their internal control practices† (Hanna, 2014). The costs associated with this were unfavorable to small companies in theory (Hanna, 2014). Although there have been amendments to the act that benefit smaller cap companies, surveys have been conducted that seem to indicate that the act has prevented some companies from going public, and some public companies considering going private because ofShow MoreRelatedSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002985 Words   |  4 Pages Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Week # 2 Individual Assignment â€Æ' Sox Key Main Aspects for a Regulatory Environment Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed in 2002 by former president George Bush. Essentially to combat the Enron crisis. The Sox Act basically has regulatory control and creates an enviroment that is looking out for the public. Ideally this regulatory environment protects the public from fraud within corporations. Understanding, that while having this regulatoryRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021614 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was enacted to bring back public trust in markets. Building trust requires ethics within organizations. Through codes of ethics, organizations are put in line to conduct themselves in a manner that promotes public trust. Through defining a code of ethics, organizations can follow, market becomes fair for investors to have confidence in the integrity of the disclosures and financial reports given to them. The code of ethics include â€Å"the promotion of honest andRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pages well-known acts have been signed into laws by the presidents at the time to protect investors and consumers alike. A brief overview of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, a discussion of some of the provisions therein, opinions of others regarding the act and also my personal and professional opinion will be discussed below. The same will be examined about the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Senators Paul Sarbanes and Michael Oxley were the sponsors of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002Read MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021563 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was enacted to bring back public trust in markets. Building trust requires ethics within organizations. Through codes of ethics, organizations conduct themselves in a manner that promotes public trust. Through defining a code of ethics, organizations can follow, the market becomes fair for investors to have confidence in the integrity of the disclosures and financial reports given to them. The code of ethics includes the promotion of honest and ethical conductRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021015 Words   |  5 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, also known as the SOX Act, is enacted on July 30, 2002 by Congress as a result of some major accounting frauds such as Enron and WorldCom. The main objective of this act is to recover the investors’ trust in the stock market, and to p revent and detect corporate accounting fraud. I will discuss the background of Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and why it became necessary in the first section of this paper. The second section will be the act’s regulations for the management, externalRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 Essay1070 Words   |  5 Pagesof Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This Act was placed into law to protect the consumer against fraudulent activity by organizations. This paper will provide a brief history of the law and discuss some of the ethical components and social implications on corporations. This research will provide information on how the Sarbanes-Oxley Act affects smaller organizations and how it encourages employees to inform of wrong doings. Brief Synopsis of Sarbanes-Oxley The U.S. Congress passed the Sarbanes-OxleyRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20022137 Words   |  9 Pagesdishonest act that remained common amongst companies such as Enron, WorldCom, and Tyco was the fabrication of financial statements. These companies were reporting false information on their financial statements so that it would appear that the companies were making profits. However, those companies were actually losing money instead. Because of these companies’ actions, the call to have American businesses to be regulated under new rules served as a very important need. In 2002, Paul Sarbanes from theRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021525 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Cheeseman, 2013). Congress ordered the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX Act) to shield customers from the fraudulent exercises of significant partnerships. This paper will give a brief history of the SOX Act, portray how it will shield general society from fraud inside of partne rships, and give a presumption to the viability of the capacity of the demonstration to shield purchasers from future frauds. History of the SOX Act Congress established the Sarbanes-Oxley ActRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act of 20021322 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Descriptions of the main aspects of the regulatory environment which will protect the public from fraud within corporations are going to be provided in this paper. A special attention to the Sarbanes – Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) requirement; along with an evaluation of whether Sarbanes-Oxley Act will be effective in avoiding future frauds based on their implemented rules and regulations. The main aspects of the regulatory environment are based on the different laws and regulationsRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was the result of a number of large financial scandals in the United States in the late 1990s and early 2000s. One of the most well-known corporate accounting scandals was the Enron scandal, which was exposed in 2001. Enron, an energy company that was considered one of the most financially sound corporations in the United States before the scandal, produced false earnings reports to shareholders and kept large debts off the accounting books (Peavler, 2016). Enron executives

Causes And Treatment Of Obesity - 3353 Words

Obesity has been describes as one of the most serious medical conditions that is making its way into the lifestyle of our young generation, our future. Childhood obesity has become a concern because it is this that often leads to later health problems in adulthood such as diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, heart disease, and arthritis, stroke and sleep insomnia, ( Herbert A., 2006), obesity can also affect the mind where it can lead to depression as well as poor self-esteem. There are various factors which affect obesity and overweight, but there are numerous precautions and steps that can be taken in order to reduce the chances of becoming either or both. This paper will identify the different factors which lead to becoming overweight or obese and will focus on the genetic and hereditary factors. Also, this paper will identify the different causes and treatment specifically for children that are obese or overweight. Introduction Obesity and overweight are term used interchangeably by most of our society when in reality they are different but the both imply having the condition of more abundant weight then needed in a human’s body. Being obese refers to excessive fat storage in the body. Overweight is the term used to describe the excess of weight in the body which is dependent on someone’s age, height and sex. Both obesity and overweight are becoming an epidemic especially in the United States. In the United States about, 66% of adults areShow MoreRelatedCauses And Treatment Of Obesity3493 Words   |  14 Pages Abstract Obesity has been describes as one of the most serious medical conditions that is making its way into the lifestyle of our young generation, our future. Childhood obesity has become a concern because it is this that often leads to later health problems in adulthood such as diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, heart disease, and arthritis, stroke and sleep insomnia, ( Herbert A., 2006), obesity can also affect the mind where it can lead to depression as well as poor self-esteemRead MoreObesity : Causes, Symptoms, Prevention And Treatment1276 Words   |  6 Pageshildhood obesity is an enormous issue that affects the children’s current state of health, and it is predominant in the United States. Shumei Xu and Ying Xue, authors of the article â€Å"Pediatric Obesity: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention and Treatment†, states a startling fact that: â€Å"Obesity affects 34% of children in the USA, and is considered a top public health concern due to the high level of morbidity and mortality.† This is a grave issue since being morbidly obese is the cause of many negative effectsRead MoreShould Obesity Be Considered As A Medical Disease?1548 Words   |  7 PagesShould Obesity Be Considered As a Medical Disease? Keeli Bao University of Iowa â€Æ' People are usually identified as obese based on their Body Mass Index (BMI). The average BMI is ranged from 18.5 to 24.9, and overweight BMI is 25-29.9 (Defining Overweight and Obesity, 2012). When a person’s BMI reaches 30 and above, he or she is probably obese. At least one out of three people in United States suffer from obesity which means one third of the nation population needs treatment. In 2013, obesity has beenRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem Essay1047 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation on Childhood Obesity. I intend to first plainly explain a clear definition of what Childhood Obesity is. Next I plan on explaining some possible reasons why children develop obesity. I also want to give clear consequences and life struggles that may be associated with a child who is obese. I also want to discuss long term effects of this disease on the individual as well as society. Finally, I would like to discuss some possible treatments associated with curing obesity in children as wellRead MorePsychology - Obesity Case1177 Words   |  5 Pagesin your portfolio: Answer: The topic that we are going to test and discuss is Obesity. Obesity is a medical condition in which it is an accumulation of excessive to the extent of causing health problems and reducing the life expectancy. 2) Discuss the topic with your activities group, report what you learned from the discussion: Answer: What we concluded from the discussion is that obesity is much acclaimed in the UAE and it is a huge problem that may affect the coming generationsRead MoreObesity : A Dangerous Disease1503 Words   |  7 PagesObesity is known as a condition where a person has excessive fat in their body and it is also defined as being a genetic and environmental factor, which can occur to anyone from child to adult. It is a factor where people eat the wrong foods and do not watch their diet. Obesity or overweight is a very dangerous disease because it can be the leading cause of diabetes, hypertension and even sleep apnea and many more symptoms can be caused by the disease. Obesity or overweight has become, a common factorRead MoreThe American Medical Association (AMA) has declared obesity a disease. Obesity means that an900 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Medical Association (AMA) has declared obesity a disease. Obesity means that an individual has too much body weight that could possibly cause a health risk. Having a body-mass index (BMI) of 35 or higher makes an individual morbidly obese. A healthy BMI would be from 20 to 24.9. The United States has one of the highest obesity rates in the world with an estimated of 36% of American adults suffering from it. It is important to not label obesity as a disease because it leads 78 million adultsRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesObesity is a prevalent condition in America that undeniably leads to a plethora of health complications, including heart disease, diabetes, and depression. However, while medical interventions can be useful for addressing obesity, treating it as a purely medical condition can decontextualize this growing issue. Additionally, it can support the use of ineffective but potentially harmful treatments by a group of disproportionately empowered medical professionals and industries, that are incentivizedRead MoreBody Mass Index1378 Words   |  6 PagesObesity is a known disease that is found around us. Everywhere we go we see obese people. But what is obesity? Obesity is defined as having an excessive amount of body fat which applies to people who are overweight. There are many health risks that coincide with obesity, which makes it a dangerous disease. Furthermore, obesity is becoming an enormous problem since it is increasing drastically. About 38% of the world population is obese and that percentage is steadily rising. So what causes theseRead MoreObesity Is A Disease?1410 Words   |  6 PagesNatalie Lopez Dr. Holly Elliott ENC 1101-13186 16 December 2015 Obesity Is a Disease About one-hundred million people in America are diagnosed with obesity every year, that’s one third of our population (Carson-Dewitt, Davidson, Atkins)! Obesity should be taken seriously because, it may cause permanent damage for us in the future. Many researchers have preformed various tests to prove that obesity is a disease. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a disease is an illness that affects a

Lascaux A Gallery of Prehistoric Art Essay Example

Essays on Lascaux: A Gallery of Prehistoric Art Essay The paper "Lascaux: A Gallery of Prehistoric Art" is a good example of an essay on performing art. The Lascaux cave located near Montignac in Dordogne, France is regarded as one of the most spectacular example of Paleolithic art sites yet discovered. It contains one of the world’s most magnificent collections of prehistoric art such as paintings and drawings of animals, geometric symbols and human figures. Primitive images of horses, felines, bears and even abstract signs in red, black, brown and yellow pigments appear on the walls and ceilings of the central cavern. And for several decades, scientific experts and historians believed that these spectacular paintings and rock engravings were created more than 17,000 years ago. Furthermore, researchers theorized that the paintings could be a mystical representation of hunting endeavors and rituals, while others believe that the images of animals painted in several chambers and galleries within the cave were once considered sacre d by the people who created them. But â€Å"the most commonly accepted theory is that Lascaux and other aft-filled caves in the region were sanctuaries where Stone Age people worshipped† (Moore 1).   Like many historic sites, people took steps to address the preservation of the Lascaux cave. French authorities closed the site to thousands of visitors as they produced a considerable level of carbon dioxide that eventually affects the entire cave. They even created a replica of two of Lascaux’s cave halls – The Great Hall of The Bulls and the Painted Gallery, collectively known as Lascaux II just to preserve every element of the authentic cave. Now, Lascaux is continuously monitored on a daily basis to preserve one of the most sacred arts known to mankind.

The Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide - 1102 Words

Throughout the 1600s to the mid 1990s, the Tutsi tribe in Rwanda, and the Hutu tribe of Rwanda have always been arch enemies. Although the Hutus have had a prolonged hate for the Tutsi tribe, this hate was not physically expressed, until 1994. From April to July of 1994, over 80,000 Tutsi people were murdered and tortured for their African heritage. The Rwanda genocide is considered to be one of the worst massacres the world has ever seen since the Holocaust. This paper will touch a few things that occurred after the massacre, and will also answer the questions of why this massacre started, what occurred during this genocide. The Rwandan genocide was a massacre based off of discrimination and hatred for a specific tribal group. This†¦show more content†¦Over 300,000 Tutsis were forced to leave Rwanda and never return. In 1961 the Hutus wanted more of the Tutsi population gone. In an effort to show their strength and domination over the Tutsis, the Hutus pushed the Rwandan r uler, who was a Tutsi, into exile and forced him to declare Rwanda as a Republic. In 1962, a year after this declaration was made Belgium finally gave Rwanda its independence. After this, the Hutu people stopped harming and forcing Tutsi citizens or officials into doing what they wanted them to do, until 1994. IV. Now that Rwanda had independence, the Tutsis began to take over and have important roles in the Rwandan society, because they were the most educated and organized tribal group in Rwanda. Since important roles in government were automatically given to Tutsis, because they were strongest and most educated tribal group, jealousy and distinctive hatred began to develop in the Hutus, against the Tutsis. V. Right before the genocide, Habyarimana, the president of Rwanda, signed a treaty with Arusha, Tanzania which allowed a sharing in power. This new power agreement made by a Tutsi president angered the Hutus, because it took away the little power they had. After this treaty was made known to the public, the major Rwanda genocide actually began. †¨ VI. The first murder that started this genocide was the assassination of Habyarimana. This murder was a signal to the government inShow MoreRelatedThe Genocide Of The Rwandan Genocide Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe Rwandan Genocide took place in 1994 and involved members of the Hutu mass killing Tutsi and Tutsi sympathizers who were Hutu. The genocide resulted in the deaths of around 800,000 people, majority Tutsi. The separation of classes came from Belgian internationals creating the two ethnic classes and giving power to the Tutsi who were taller and had lighter skin, and generally appeared more European. In response to this, after the country gained independence from Belgium, Hutu extremists gatheredRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1654 Words   |  7 PagesMiranda Shearer Mrs. Sohal/ Mrs. Love Period 3 17 October 2014 The Rwandan Genocide A genocide is defined as the deliberate killing of a group of people, especially of a certain ethnicity. By that definition and almost any other a dictionary could define, the killing of the Tutsis was certainly a genocide.The Rwandan Genocide occurred in 1994, in an African country called Rwanda. A long history of building friction between the Hutus and the Tutsis undeniably caused the mass murder of over 800,000Read MoreThe Genocide Of The Rwandan Genocide1421 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rwanda Genocide was an unfortunate case where thousands of deaths could have been prevented, but because of irresponsibility and selfishness of global governments’ innocent lives were lost. The Genocide began on April 6, 1994 and was, â€Å"initiated by the Hutu political elite and extremists and its military support, their prime targets were the Tutsi, as well as Hutu moderates.† (Hain 2) The Hutu made up majority of the population and government officials and enforced a government-ass isted militaryRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide866 Words   |  4 PagesThe Rwandan genocide occurred during the period of April to July of 1994. This genocide was as a result of the Hutu ethnic majority slaughtering the Tutsi minority. During this period as much as 800,000 Tutsis were killed. The genocide was started by Hutu extremists in the capital of Kigali and the genocide soon spread across the country. Despite all of this there were several survivors of the genocide. Immaculee Ilibagiza is one of those people. Immaculee Ilibagiza was born in 1972. She is theRead MoreThe Genocide Of The Rwandan Genocide2458 Words   |  10 PagesGenocide has been plaguing the world for hundreds of years. Millions of innocent lives have been taken all for the sake of prejudice. One of the most atrocious aspects of genocide is that a large percentage of them are sponsored by the state in which they are taking place. Over the years scholars have studied just what motivates a state to engage in such awful behavior. What motivates them? Why would they do such horrendous things to their own citizens? Is it solely for some economic incentive, orRead MoreThe Genocide Of The Rwandan Genocide Essay2042 Words   |  9 Pagespeople that commit genocide; we are all capable of it. It’s our evolutionary history† (James Lovelock). According to the Oxford dictionary, genocide is defined as â€Å"the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular nation or ethnic group.† Although it may be hard to believe, genocides have occurred all over the world and all throughout time. There have been well documented genocides such as the Holocaust. Additionally, there have also been genocides that have barelyRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1637 Words   |  7 PagesWith over eight hundred thousand to one million deaths, the Rwandan genocide is undoubtedly one of the most sad and shocking examples of the lack of intervention by not only the US and the UN, but by other countries as well. The ongoing tensions between the Hutu, the largest population in Rwanda, and the Tutsi, the smaller and more elite population is what eventually lead to the Rwandan genocide. The killings began quickly after President Habyarimana s plane was shot down. After hundreds of thousandsRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide882 Words   |  4 PagesThe Rwandan Genocide was one of the most horrific acts of genocide since the Holocaust during World War II.   Las ting only one hundred days it claimed the lives of over 800,000 people and had lasting effects on global civilization  to this day. Even though the world had been consumed by many travesties before, the Rwandan Genocide exposed that violent human injustices on a grand scale could still happen regardless of the advancements made within â€Å"global society†. Decades of internal conflict withinRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1382 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"When you start to see another human being as less than you, it s a danger.†-Immaculee Ilibagiza. In 1994, a mass genocide broke out in Rwanda, a small country in Africa. The genocide occurred between the two ethnic groups where the Hutus were targeting the tutsis. The Rwandan genocide, ranking in the top five largest genocides in the world, was caused because of the resentment the hutus had towards the tutsis and was even more instigated by media and outsiders causing differences between the twoRead Mo reThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1393 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rwandan Genocide was one of the most violent genocides in the history of the world and was intricately planned and implemented by the ethnic group called the Hutu in an attempt to eliminate another, the Tutsis. Though the genocide lasted only one hundred days, the number of deaths is estimated to be approximately 800,000. In the wake of the genocide, mass chaos plagued the country of Rwanda, deepening the divide between the groups Hutu and Tutsi. Although it can be said the genocide was caused

Term Paper on Ddbl Mobile Banking. Chittagong Cantonment Public College. Free Essays

————————————————- 1. 0 Introduction Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited (DBBL) has for the first time introduced its mobile banking service expanding the banking service from cities to remote areas. â€Å"Mobile banking is an alternative to the traditional banking through which banking service can be reached at the doorsteps of the deprived section of the society,† ————————————————- 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Term Paper on Ddbl Mobile Banking. Chittagong Cantonment Public College. or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 Origin of the Report This report is an outcome of one month Chittagong Cantonment Public College program prepared as the requirement of BBA program of the school of Business. The work on this report was carried out as Field based Report writing and presentation program on Dutch-Bangla Bank Mobile Banking in Bangladesh at the Mobile Banking Office, Agrabad MB Office, Shah Amir Plaza(1stFloor),534/535, Sheikh Mujib Road Agrabad , Chittagong. This report is assigned and approved by academic supervisor Mr. Mohammed Abu Taher, Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Chittagong Cantonment Public College. The report is entitled as Field based Report writing and presentation program on Dutch-Bangla Bank Mobile Banking in Bangladesh. ————————————————- . 2 Objective of the study 1. To prepare a formal study on Mobile Banking System in the perspective of Bangladesh. 2. To know the acceptability level of transaction by Mobile Banking by rural people. 3. To find out the way of increasing the operational area of Mobile Banking in Bangladesh. 4. To id entify the level of security and confidentiality of Mobile Banking in Bangladesh. 5. To find out the reasons of backwardness of Mobile Banking in rural area of Bangladesh. 6. To find out the remedies of the problems to implement mobile banking for rural people ————————————————- . 3 Methodology of the study The methodology exercised for this study is as follows: Types of Data: For this study both primary and secondary data has been used. a) Primary Source: Primary data have been collected form general people and user of cell phone and bank users. In order to collect the detail data, participatory observation method has also been used. b) Secondary Source: Beside primary data, necessary secondary data have been collected from the Newspapers, websites, textbooks, research articles, government publications and various published research works on mobile banking. — Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ 1. 4 Limitations of the study Maximum effort was given to make the study a successful one, but it suffers from some limitation those were apparently unavoidably. The major ones were: ? Shortage of time period: The major limitation faced to carry out this project was mainly time constraints. The time constraint of the study hindering the course of vast area and time for preparing a report within the mentioned period is really difficult. ? Secrecy of Management: The authority of DBBL did not disclose much information for keeping the organization confidential. They have restriction to disclose some secrete information to other. So, some data could not been collected for confidentiality or secrecy of management. ? Green field sector: One of the major limitations of this report is that no previous study is done before. So, secondary information was scarce. ? Busy working environment: The officials had some times been unable to provide information because of their huge routine work. That is why we do not gather vast knowledge about the critical issues. It is really difficult to gather data from the place where people do not know me for a long time. Lack of information: In the website, Mobile banking related information was limited. ————————————————- 2. 0 Organizational overview DBBL was the first bank in Bangladesh to be fully automated. The Electronic-Banking Division was established in 2002 to undertake rapid automation and bring modern banking services into this field. Full automation was completed in 2003 and hereby introduced plastic money to the Bangladeshi masses. DBBL also operates the nation’s largest ATM fleet and in the process drastically cut consumer costs and fees by 80%. Moreover, DBBL choosing the low profitability route for this sector has surprised many critics. DBBL had pursued the mass automation in Banking as a CSR activity and never intended profitability from this sector. As a result it now provides unrivaled banking technology offerings to all its customers. Because of this mindset, most local banks have joined DBBL’s banking infrastructure instead of pursuing their own. Even with a history of hefty technological investments and an even larger donations, consumer and investor confidence has never waned. Dutch-Bangla Bank stock set the record for the highest share price in the Dhaka Stock Exchange in 2008. ————————————————- 2. 1 Pioneer of Mobile Banking Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited (DBBL) has for the first time introduced its mobile banking service at 1st April, 2011 expanding the banking service from cities to remote areas. Bangladesh Bank Governor Atiur Rahman yesterday inaugurated the service by depositing Tk 2,000 and withdrawing Tk 1,500 through Banglalink and Citycell mobile networks in Motijheel area. ———————————————— 2. 2 Achievement of DBBL on Mobile Banking sector Awards received by DBBL for launching best mobile banking services: ———————————————â€⠀- 2. 3 Agent of DBBL Mobile Banking  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Agents Mobile Banking – Agents : ( Total = 13721 ) Dhaka  Division  ( 5422 )| Chittagong  Division  ( 2368 )| Sylhet  Division  ( 830 )| Barisal  Division  ( 812 )| Rangpur  Division  ( 1489 )| Khulna  Division  ( 1305 )| Rajshahi  Division  ( 1495 )| ————————————————- . 4 DBBL Mobile Banking Model Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited (DBBL), a technology savvy commercial bank in Bangladesh, started Mobile Banking on 31 March, 2011. DBBL has followed a unique model for deployment of the Mobile Banking in Bangladesh. DBBL model has the following characteristics:| 1| Bank-led model:  DBBL Mobile Banking is a Bank-led model to fulfill the basic banking needs utilizing mobile phones in Bangladesh where only 24% of the adult population has bank accounts, but 60% are using mobile phones. This is contrary to the Mobile Banking in developed countries where almost 100% of the adult people have bank account, and as such there is no need for discharging basic banking activities using mobile phones, rather there is a requirement for the banks to discharge conventional banking services over the existing bank accounts more conveniently using mobile phones. | 2| Vision:  The vision of the DBBL Mobile Banking is to promote Banking to the unbanked (unlike other models in developing countries which promote P2P or ‘Send Money’), and to develop savings habit among the unbanked. Accordingly DBBL Mobile Banking started with and providing highest importance to the registration with proper KYC, Cash-in and Cash-out activities. Other activities like P2P, disbursement of foreign remittance, salary/wages, government’s/other allowances, air-time top-up, buying goods and services etc are considered as the by-product of the basic banking services. | 34| An account, not a wallet:  DBBL Mobile Banking considers the deposit of the customer as balance in his mobile account like balance in the savings or current accounts, not as electronic money or wallet. Four parties involved: DBBL Mobile Banking has involved four parties – Bank, Mobile Network Operators (MNO), Agents and Customers with a commission model to suit each of the parties. The commission charged to the customers is acceptable to them (customers), and at the same time it is motivational for the Bank, MNO and agents to run their respective business. Highest priority is given to the benefits of customers and agents. | 5| Four Cash movement tiers:  Customers can cash-in/cash-out at agents, agents at super agents and the super agents at bank branches. Thus ll the cash is ultimately deposited at a bank branch. To make the transactions convenient, provision has been kept for the customers and agents to perform the transaction directly at bank branches/ATMs. | 6| Four Geographical tiers:  To have better and close supervision on the customers, agents and super agents, develop the mobile banking market, quick and localized data entry during customer registration, and the dispute management, the country has been divided into four tiers – territory, upozila, district and division. | ————————————————- . 5 Number of Customer in Comparison with others. 2. 6 ————————————————- 2. 6 Comparison between DBBL Mobile Banking bKash SL NO| Service Features| DBBL| Bkash| Remarks for DBBL| 1| Registration | Free| Free| Tk 100/- initial deposit for approbal| 2| Cash in at Bank| Free| N/A| | 3| Cash in at agent| 1%| Free| | 4| Cash out at Branch| Free| N/A| | 5| Cash out at ATM| Free| 2%| | 6| Cash out at agent| 2%| 1. 85%| Expecting to reduce the fee to 1% | 7| Inward Foreign Remittance| Free| N/A| | ———————————————— 3. 1 Mobile banking system Mobile Banking is a Banking process without bank branch which provides financial services to unbanked communities efficiently and at affordable cost. Mobile banking is a term used for performing balance checks, account transactions, payments, credit applications and other banking transactions through a mobile device such as a mobile phone or Personal Digital Assistant. The mobile banking services were offered over SMS, a service known as SMS banking. ———————————————— 3. 2 Current situation of Mobile Banking in Bangladesh Mobile banking is a new technology in Bangladesh. Mobile banking is a term used for performing balance checks, account transactions, payment, etc via mobile device such as mobile phones. Most people heard about it but not have a clear idea, almost 94% people heard about mobile banking and 6% haven’t heard about mobile banking. Mobile banking started from 31st March 2011. Dutch Bangla Bank Limited pioneered in mobile banking services in Bangladesh. Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited launched the service in collaboration with mobile phone operators Banglalink, and CityCell. Primarily mobile banking will provide the clients with cash deposit, cash withdrawal, merchant payment, utility payment, salary disbursement, foreign remittance, and fund transfer services. Nine other banks have also been licensed by the Bangladesh Bank to introduce mobile banking. Bangladesh Bank governor Atiur Rahman inaugurated the service through depositing money in and withdrawing cash from two DBBL-authorized mobile service centers at Naya Paltan and Purana Paltan areas in the city. Mobile banking is a new concept, because of this, it would be a little more expensive for the users. The aim of mobile banking is to bring more people under the umbrella of banking service. Government thinks it has a great prospect as it is a new technology in digital Bangladesh. But in Bangladesh many people think traditionally, because they cannot think it has any facility to use mobile banking. 69% people feel mobile banking has prospect in Bangladesh whereas 31% think it has no prospect in Bangladesh as many people will not feel interest or have belief on mobile banking. ———————————————— 3. 3 DBBL’s Mobile Banking Services and offers a) Customer relation b) Cash deposit c) Cash withdrawal d) Foreign remittance e) Salary disbursement f) Person to person transfer (P2P) g) Air time top up h) Balance inquiry ———————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 3. 4 DBBL’s Mobile Banking procedure The users will have to pay a service charge of Tk50 for depositing Tk5,000 and Tk 100 to withdraw the same amount of money. The service charge will be whichever amount is higher between Tk5 and 1 percent of the deposited money at the cash-in end and whichever amount is higher between Tk10 and 2 per cent of the money withdrawn from the cash-out end. Any Banglalink, airtel or CityCell mobile user can register as a recipient of the service by paying a Tk10 fee to any authorized agent point of the DBBL or any retailer of CityCell, airtel and Banglalink. After registration, the users will be given a personal identification number and a check digit ranging from one to nine which will be added to his/her mobile number that will act as security measures. Every user will need his/her mobile set, check digit and PIN for making any transaction. â€Å"Customer’s money is safe as no one can withdraw money without taking possession of the mobile set, PIN and the check digit all together, no one will be able to deposit unwanted money into a mobile banking account without knowing the check digit, although the mobile number is publicly known. † The mobile banking is a part of digitalizing the banking sector and the central bank’s plan to bring the masses under financial inclusion. ———————————————— 3. 5 Future prospect of Mobile Banking in Bangladesh Based on the ‘International Review of Business Research Papers’ from World business Institute, Australia, following are the key functional trends possible in world of Mobile Banking. With the advent of technology and increasing use of smart phone and tab let based devices, the use of Mobile Banking functionality would enable customer connect across entire customer life cycle much comprehensively than before. With this scenario, current mobile banking objectives of say building relationships, reducing cost, achieving new revenue stream will transform to enable new objectives targeting higher level goals such as building brand of the banking organization. Emerging technology and functionalities would enable to create new ways of lead generation, prospecting as well as developing deep customer relationship and mobile banking world would achieve superior customer experience with bi-directional communications. Illustration of objective based functionality enrichment In Mobile Banking Communication enrichment: – Video Interaction with agents, advisors. * Pervasive Transactions capabilities: – Comprehensive â€Å"Mobile wallet† * Customer Education: – â€Å"Test drive† for demos of banking services. * Connect with new customer segment: – Connect with Gen Y – Gen Z using games and social network ambushed to surrogate bank’s offerings. * Con tent monetization: – Micro level revenue themes such as music, e-book download . * Vertical positioning: – Positioning offerings over mobile banking specific industries. * Horizontal positioning: – Positioning offerings over mobile banking across all the industries. ———————————————— 3. 6 History of Mobile Banking in Abroad Improving access to financial services, such as savings, deposits, insurance and remittances, is vital to reducing poverty. Savings can help poor people to invest in productive assets like livestock, a loan may help to expand business activities, and insurance can provide income for a family if a breadwinner becomes sick. In many developing countries, however, 9 out of 10 people do not have a bank account or access to basic financial services. Poor people are often not considered viable customers by the formal financial sector as their transaction sizes are small, and many live in remote areas beyond the reach of banks branch networks. Informal banking services such as microfinance and village savings and loan associations remain limited in their reach. The first mobile banking and payment initiatives were announced during 1999 (the same year that Fundamental deployed their first prototype). The first major deployment was made by a company called Pay box (largely supported financially by Deutsche Bank). The company was founded by two young German’s (Mathias Entemann and Eckart Ortwein) and successfully deployed the solution in Germany, Austria, Sweden, Spain and the UK. At about 2003 more than a million people were registered on Pay box and the company was rated by Gartner as the leader in the field. Unfortunately Deutsche Bank withdraws their financial support and the company had to reorganize quickly. All but the operations in Austria closed down. Another early starter and also identified as a leader in the field was a Spanish initiative (backed by BBVA and Telephonica), called Mobi Pago. The name was later changed to Mobi Pay and all banks and mobile operators in Spain were invited to join. The product was launched in 2003 and many retailers were acquired to accept the special USSD payment confirmation. Because of the complex shareholding and the constant political challenges of the different owners, the product never fulfilled the promise that it had. With no marketing support and no compelling reason for adoption, this initiative is floundering at the moment. Many other large players announced initiatives and ran pilots with big fanfare, but never showed traction and all initiatives were ultimately discontinued. Some of the early examples are the famous vending machines at the Helsinki airport supported by a system from Nokia. Siemens made announcements in conjunction with listed and high-flying German e-commerce company, Brokat. Brokat also won the lucrative Vodafone contract in 2002, but crashed soon afterwards when it runs out of funds. Israel (as can be expected) produced a large number of mobile payment start-ups. Of the many, only one survived – Trivnet. Others like Adamtech (with a technically sound solution called Cell pay) and Paytt disappeared after a number of pilots but without any successful production deployments. Initiatives in Norway, Sweden and France never got traction. France Telecom launched an ambitious product based on a special mobile phone with an integrated card reader. The solution worked well, but never became popular because of the unattractive, special phone that participants needed in order to perform these payments. Since 2004, mobile banking and payment industry has come of age. Successful deployments with positive business cases and big strategic impact have been seen recently. 3. 7 ————————————————- Mobile Banking services Mobile banking can offer service such as the following: Account information: i. Mini- statement and checking of account history ii. Alerts on account activity or passing of set thresholds iii. Monitoring of term deposits iv. Access to loan statements v. Access to card statements vi. Mutual funds/equity statement vii. Insurance policy management viii. Pension plan management ix. Status on cheque, stop payment on cheque. Payment and transfers: i. Domestic and international fund transfers ii. Micro-payment handling iii. Mobile recharging iv. Commercial payment processing v. Bill payment processing i. Person to Person payment Investment: i. Portfolio management service ii. Real-time stock quotes iii. Personalized alerts and notification on security prices Support: i. Status of request for credit including mortgage approval, and insurance ii. Coverage iii. Check (cheque) book and card requests iv. Exchange of data messages and email, including complaint submission and tracking v. ATM loca tion Content service: i. General information such as weather up dates, news ii. Loyalty-related offers iii. Location-based services ————————————————- . 8 Basic Mobile Banking Technologies There are four fundamental approaches to mobile banking. The first two rely on technologies that are standard features on almost all cell phones. Interactive Voice Response (IVR): If we have ever called our credit card issuer and meander through a confusion of prompts — â€Å"For English, press 1; for account information, press 2† – then you’re familiar with interactive voice response. In mobile banking, it works like this: Banks advertise a set of numbers to their customers. a) Customers dial an IVR number on their mobile phones. ) They are greeted by a stored electronic message followed by a menu of options. c) Customers select an option by pressing the corre sponding number on their keypads. d) A text-to-speech program reads out the desired information. IVR is the least sophisticated and the least â€Å"mobile† of all the solutions. In fact, it doesn’t require a mobile phone at all. It also only allows for inquiry-based transactions, so customers can’t use it for more advanced services. ————————————————- 3. 9 Mobile Banking Business Model Banking models is evolving. If mobile banking is being used to attract low-income populations in often rural locations, the business model will depend on banking type. These models differ primarily on the question that who will establish the relationship (account opening, deposit taking, lending etc. ) to the end customer. Bank-focused model The bank-focused model emerges when a traditional bank uses non-traditional low-cost delivery channels to provide banking services to its existing customers. Example: range from use of automatic teller machines (ATMs) to internet banking or mobile phone banking to provide certain limited banking services to bank’s customers. Bank-led model The bank-led model offers a distinct alternative to conventional branch-based banking in that customer conducts financial transactions through mobile phone instead of at bank branches or through bank employees. This model promises the potential to substantially increase the financial services outreach by using retailers or mobile phones. Non-bank-led model The non-bank-led model is where a bank has a limited role in the day-to-day account management. Typically its role in this model is limited to safe-keeping of funds. Account management functions are conducted by a non-bank who has direct contact with individual customers. ————————————————- 3. 10 Advantage of Mobile Banking The biggest advantage that mobile banking offers to banks is that it drastically cuts down the costs of providing service to the customers. For example an average teller or phone transaction costs about $2. 36 each, whereas an electronic transaction costs only about $0. 10 each. Additionally, this new channel gives the bank ability to cross-sell up-sell their other complex banking products and services such as vehicle loans, credit cards etc. For service providers, Mobile banking offers the next surest way to achieve growth. Countries like Korea where mobile penetration is nearing saturation, mobile banking is helping service providers increase revenues from the now static subscriber base. Service providers are increasingly using the complexity of their supported mobile banking services to attract new customers and retain old ones. A very effective way of improving customer service could be to inform customers better. Credit card fraud is one such area. A bank could, through the use of mobile technology, inform owners each time purchases above a certain value have been made on their card. This way the owner is always informed when their card is used, and how much money was taken for each transaction. Similarly, the bank could remind customers of outstanding loan repayment dates, dates for the payment of monthly installments or simply tell them that a bill has been presented and is up for payment. The customers can then check their balance on the phone and authorize the required amounts for payment. The customers can also request for additional information. They can automatically view deposits and withdrawals as they occur and also pre- schedule payments to be made or cheques to be issued. Similarly, one could also request for services like stop cheque or issue of a cheque book over one’s mobile phone. There are number of reasons that should persuade banks in favor of mobile phones. They are set to become a crucial part of the total banking services experience for the customers. Also, they have the potential to bring down costs for the bank itself. Through mobile messaging and other such interfaces, banks provide value added services to the customer at marginal costs. Such messages also bear the virtue of being targeted and personal making the services offered more effective. They will also carry better results on account of better customer profiling. Yet another benefit is the anywhere/anytime characteristics of mobile services. A mobile is almost always with the customer. As such it can be used over a vast geographical area. The customer does not have to visit the bank ATM or a branch to avail of the bank’s services. Research indicates that the number of footfalls at a bank’s branch has fallen down drastically after the installation of ATMs. As such with mobile services, a bank will need to hire even less employees as people will no longer need to visit bank branches apart from certain occasions. With Indian telecom operators working on offering services like money transaction over a mobile, it may soon be possible for a bank to offer phone based credit systems. This will make credit cards redundant and also aid in checking credit card fraud apart from offering enhanced customer convenience. The use of mobile technologies is thus a winwin proposition for both the banks and the bank’s customers. The banks add to this personalized communication through the process of automation. For instance, if the customer asks for his account or card balance after conducting a transaction, the installed software can send him an automated reply informing of the same. These automated replies thus save the bank the need to hire additional employees for servicing customer needs. ————————————————- 3. 11 Disadvantage of Mobile Banking Security: Security experts generally agree that mobile banking is safer than computer banking because very few viruses and Trojans exist for phones. That does not mean mobile banking is immune to security threats, however. Mobile users are especially susceptible to a phishing-like scam called â€Å"smishing. † It happens when a mobile banking user receives a fake text message asking for bank account details from a hacker posing as a financial institution. Many people have fallen for this trick and had money stolen through this scam. Online banking is usually done through an encrypted connection so that hackers cannot read transmitted data, but consider the consequences if your mobile device is stolen. While all banking applications require us to enter a password or PIN, many people configure their mobile devices to save passwords, or use insecure passwords and PINs that are easy to guess. Compatibility: We need a smart phone to get the most out of mobile banking. Mobile banking is not available on every device. Some banks do not provide mobile banking at all. Others require you to use a custom mobile banking application only available on the most popular smart phones, such as the Apple iPhone and RIM Blackberry. Third-party mobile banking software is not always supported. If we do not own a smart phone, the types of mobile banking we can do are usually limited. Checking bank account balances via text message is not a problem, but more advanced features such as account transfers are generally not available to users of â€Å"dumb phones. † Cost: The cost of mobile banking might not appear significant if we already have a compatible device, but we still need to pay data and text messaging fees. Some financial institutions charge an extra fee for mobile banking service, and we may need to pay a fee for software. These extra charges quickly add up, especially if we access mobile banking ———————————————— 4. 1 Incentive disbursement utilizing Mobile Banking DBBL providing incentive disbursement services by utilizing mobile banking. This is very quick convenient process of incentive disbursement. Some companies are signed agreement with DBBL for this service. Such as: Dutch-Bangla Bank (DBBL) and D. Net has signed an agreement on August 07, 2012 on Mobile Banking Services at the Head Office of DBBL. The agreement was signed by Dr. Ananya Raihan, Executive Director of D. Net and Mr. K. S. Tabrez, Managing Director of DBBL on behalf of their respective organizations. Under this agreement, field level agents of D. Net will receive their commission in their DBBL Mobile Banking Accounts. After receiving their incentive, commission, salary in their mobile accounts, the agents will be able to withdraw/ deposit cash from any nearby agent or DBBL branches, withdraw money from any DBBL ATM, transfer money to other mobile accounts, buy goods and services from retailers and pay utility bills throughout the country and moreover will get the opportunity of â€Å"Banking with a bank†. Dr. Ananya Raihan, Executive Director of D. Net and Mr. K. S. Tabrez, Managing Director of DBBL sign on behalf of their respective organizations. ————————————————- 4. 2 Salary payment utilizing Mobile Banking DBBL providing salary payment services by utilizing mobile banking. This service makes quick salary payment to large number of employee in organization. Some company signed agreement with DBBL for this service. Such as: Dutch-Bangla Bank (DBBL) and  Bengal  Group of Industries have signed an agreement on Mobile  BankingServices at the DBBL Head Office on June 06, 2012. The agreement was signed by Mr. Humayun Kabir, Director, Bengal Group of Industries and Mr. Mir Mominul Huq, Head of Mobile Banking, DBBL on behalf of their respective organizations. Under this agreement, employees of  Bengal  Group  of Industries will receive their monthly salaries in their DBBL Mobile Banking Accounts. After receiving their salaries in their mobile accounts, employees will be able to withdraw/ deposit cash from any nearby agent, DBBL branches and ATMs, transfer money to other mobile accounts, buy goods and services from retailers and pay utility bills throughout the country and moreover will get the opportunity of banking with a bank. Mr. Mir Mominul Huq, Head of Mobile Banking and Mr. Humayun Kabir, Director, Bengal Group of Industries, DBBL on behalf of their respective organizations. ————————————————- 4. 3 Real Cardless ATM Transaction utilizing Mobile Banking At DBBL, the mobile banking customers physically go to an ATM, push the †Mobile Banking† marked button, type their mobile account number, the amount to withdraw, their PIN and push the â€Å"Correct† marked button. The customers then receive a Push-sms or IVR call to their mobile phone from the Mobile Banking system requesting them to type their PIN again on their mobile phone. The customers then type their PIN and the ATM dispenses the requested money. In the DBBL process, the customers operate the ATM using their mobile phone instead of a debit or credit card. DBBL has innovated a real cardless ATM transaction for the first time in the world which is AML compliant, convenient and secure, protecting you from the risk of ATM frauds like skimming. Real Cardless ATM Transactions For the first time in the world. ————————————————- 4. 4 Prepaid Top-UP utilizing Mobile Banking. All the Dutch-Bangla Bank Mobile Banking account holders no longer have to take the time and trouble of finding and visiting a nearby location to top-up their mobile phone talk time/airtime. With the convenience of Dutch-Bangla Bank Mobile Banking, they can top up their own or someone else’s talk time/ airtime free of charge. anytime. anywhere. Top-up using with Mobile Banking. ————————————————- 5. 1 Implementation of Mobile Banking through Rural People Rural poor people living on less than 140 taka a day, they can receive banking services via their mobile phones. It probably won’t happen, but it would be amazing if it did. ? Increase Interest to Use: Many rural people heard about mobile banking. But they yet have not felt that they should use it as they are happy to use traditional banking system. Some people feel interest to use it. About 55% people feel they should use it and 45% people haven’t feel to use mobile banking. ? Make easy transfer of money: The problem of domestic remittances is often overlooked. large cities like Dhaka are home to millions of migrants who would love to send money back to their families elsewhere in the country but who are unbanked and have no real means of doing so. But they want to send money to village. The ability to remit money domestically with little more than a text message could be revolutionary. ? Transfer international remittance: People’s international remittances, which already a big part of national income, can be transferred by mobile phone to their relatives. Mobile banking has ability to send money directly from mobile phone to mobile phone is orders of magnitude easier and cheaper. ? Reduce Cost and increase saving: About 75% rural people are poor, they lives under poverty line. It is convenient, affordable and it is much more effective in developing savings habits, it will make access to banking and advanced payment transactions at affordable cost. All people know that its cost is not higher than traditional banking. Around 56% people say its cost is lower, 20% say same and 24% say it is affordable than traditional banking. ? Make them banked: Then there’s the emphasis on the rural people to introduce in banking. Although the rural people are more likely to be unbanked and therefore in need of mobile banking services, they haven’t been directly targeted by many of the first wave of mobile banking providers. The rural people, of course, are both a new customer segment and generally the very last adopters of any new technology. It’s hard to sell banking services to someone who neither knows nor understands what a bank is. ? Motivate them to use their Accounts: Another risk is that the goal will be reached but in name only, people might have mobile-banking accounts, and might even automatically get such an account when they get their phone. But the accounts might not be used, and in so far as they are used, they might be use only for payments and not for real banking services. So they have to be motivated. ? Make it easy to use: It is much more effective in developing savings habits. Its using system is also easy. Anyone can use it. Poor rural people are often not considered viable customers by the formal financial sector as their transaction sizes are small, and many live in remote areas beyond the reach of banks branch networks. ? Aware them that Mobile Banking is better than Traditional Banking: Mobile banking is real time on-line banking. Show them how mobile banking is on-line banking and it takes less time than traditional banking. It will make access to banking and advanced payment, transactions at affordable cost. ? Introduce Time Saving banking: Mobile banking is available anytime, anywhere throughout the country. So it can save one’s time. But about 70% people think that mobile banking can save their time, where as 30% think it cannot save time. ? Make secure and trust worthy banking: Make mobile banking much safer and safeguard against fraudulent transactions, and one can trust mobile banking as traditional banking system. Show them it has secured pin code which is known by the user, and also has a check digit without it no one can deposit money. The poor rural people often have greater familiarity and trust with mobile phone companies than formal banking institutions. ?Save them from unnecessary harassment: Informal banking services such as microfinance and village savings and loan associations remain limited in their reach. So, mobile banking system develops to bring poor rural people into banking system. 83% people face or heard no problem to use mobile banking. But 17% people heard or face problems to use it like sometimes transaction do not reach at time, cannot operate it easily as traditional banking. Make a promise to serve better: The promise of mobile banking for the rural people is that mobile phone providers have managed to get a degree of penetration among the country’s rural people. Mobile phone providers are likely to continue in the direction they’re headed in at the moment, staying away from banking regulation, confining themselves largely to payments rather than fully-fledged banking, and targe ting their entire customer base without any particular emphasis on the bottom of the pyramid. Will the mobile phone companies sign on, even if they see lots of regulatory headaches and very few profits by doing so? The answer to that question could be the given by the mobile companies and banks. ————————————————- 5. 2 Benefits of Mobile Banking in Prospective of rural people. Mobile banking has several benefits for peoples, specially for rural poor people: ? Mobile banking Makes Life Easier: It is real time on-line banking, available anytime, anywhere throughout the country. It is convenient, affordable and secure; it is much more effective in developing savings habits ? Speedy and safeguard: It will make access to banking and advanced payment transactions at affordable cost. It is much safer, speedy and safeguard against fraudulent transactions. All of the characteristics of mobile banking make life easier. ? Secure: In mobile banking is Secure, a confidential pin code is used by the user. PIN ensures security of money and protects fraudulent transactions. So mobile banking is fully secured. ?Any time access: One benefit of mobile banking is a very speedy process. Transaction can be done anytime anywhere quickly in less time. 00% people believe that it is a speedy process. ? Small account for poor: Mobile banking started with the idea to bring the poor rural under the umbrella of banking sector especially rural poor as there are not much bank facilities, also there savings is low so they feel shy to go to bank. ? Easy to use: Its using system is also easy. Anyone can use it. ? Easy way to send money: People are like to send money easily to their rel atives; Mobile banking has ability to send money directly by mobile phone. People can get the service of easy transferring money through mobile banking. Remittance transfer: International remittances can be transferred by mobile phone to one country to another. Mobile banking has ability to send money directly from mobile phone to mobile phone. ? Increase banking activities: Although the rural people are unbanked by mobile banking services they are converted into banked people. It is developing savings habits, it will make access to banking and advanced payment transactions. ————————————————- 5. 3 Challenges for a Mobile Banking Solutions Key challenges in developing sophisticated mobile banking applications are: . Handset operability: There are a large number of different mobile phone devices and it is a big challenge for banks to offer mobile banking solution on any type of device. Some of these devices support Java ME and others support SIM Application Toolkit, a WAP browser, or only SMS. Initial interoperability issues however have been localized, with countries like India using portals like R-World to enable the limitations of low end java based phones, while focus on areas such as South Africa have defaulted to the USSD as a basis of communication achievable with any phone. The desire for interoperability is largely dependent on the banks themselves, where installed applications (Java based or native) provide better security, are easier to use and allow development of more complex capabilities similar to those of internet banking while SMS can provide the basics but becomes difficult to operate with more complex transactions. There is a myth that there is a challenge of interoperability between mobile banking applications due to perceived lack of common technology standards for mobile banking. In practice it is too early in the service lifecycle for interoperability to be addressed within an individual country, as very few countries have more than one mobile banking service provider. In practice, banking interfaces are well defined and money movements between banks follow the IS0-8583 standard. As mobile banking matures, money movements between service providers will naturally adopt the same standards as in the banking world. On January 2009, Mobile Marketing Association (MMA) Banking Sub-Committee, chaired by CellTrust and VeriSign Inc. published the Mobile Banking Overview for financial institutions in which it discussed the advantages and disadvantages of Mobile Channel Platforms such as Short Message Services (SMS), Mobile Web, Mobile Client Applications, SMS with Mobile Web and Secure SMS. 2. Security: Security of financial transactions, being executed from some remote location and transmission of financial information over the air, are the most complicated challenges that need to be addressed jointly by mobile application developers, wireless network service providers and the banks’ IT departments. The following aspects need to be addressed to offer a secure infrastructure for financial transaction over wireless network: * Physical part of the hand-held device. If the bank is offering smart-card based security, the physical security of the device is more important. * Security of any thick-client application running on the device. In case the device is stolen, the hacker should require at least an ID/Password to access the application. * Authentication of the device with service provider before initiating a transaction. This would ensure that unauthorized devices are not connected to perform financial transactions. User ID / Password authentication of bank’s customer. ? Encryption of the data being transmitted over the air. * Encryption of the data that will be stored in device for later / off-line analysis by the customer. * One-time passwords (OTP’s) is the latest tool used by financial and banking service providers in the fight against cyber fraud. Instead of re lying on traditional memorized passwords, OTPs are requested by consumers each time they want to perform transactions using the online or mobile banking interface. When the request is received the password is sent to the consumer’s phone via SMS. The password is expired once it has been used or once its scheduled life-cycle has expired. Because of the concerns made explicit above, it is extremely important that SMS gateway providers can provide a decent quality of service for banks and financial institutions in regards to SMS services. Therefore, the provision of service level agreements (SLAs) is a requirement for this industry; it is necessary to give the bank customer delivery guarantees of all messages, as well as measurements on the speed of delivery, throughput, etc. SLAs give the service parameters in which a messaging solution is guaranteed to perform. . Application distribution: Due to the nature of the connectivity between bank and its customers, it would be impractical to expect customers to regularly visit banks or connect to a web site for regular upgrade of their mobile banking application. It will be expected that the mobile application itself check the upgrades and updates and download necessary patches (so ca lled â€Å"Over the Air† updates). However, there could be many issues to implement this approach such as upgrade / synchronization of other dependent components. ————————————————- 5. Problems to implement of Mobile Banking through rural people Key challenges in developing a sophisticated mobile banking application through rural people are: * Poverty: Poverty is a main problem of 3rd world country like Bangladesh. Rural people are not able to buy their food easily, so how they can buy a mobile phone or open a account in bank? * Illiterate people: A big amount of rural people are illiterate, so they are not aware of banking system yet. So they are not interested in mobile banking system. * Weak infrastructure: The socio economic infrastructure is very weak in Bangladesh. About more than 80% rural people has no account in traditional banking system, where mobile banking is a new concept, people have doubt about mobile banking. * Lack of trust: As it is a new method of banking people haven’t 100% faith on it. So, people don’t want to take any risk by giving suggestion to use it. Rural people feel it will not make life easier as it may not be trust worthy and it is not secured as they cannot fully trust on online banking than traditional banking system. * Lack of awareness: The rural people have lack of awareness they feel upper class or middle class people can use mobile banking. Operating complexity: Handset operability is a vital problem of Mobile Banking There are a large number of different mobile phone devices and it is a big challenge for banks to offer mobile banking solution on any type of device. There is a problem that there is a challenge of interoperability between mobile banking applications due to perceived lack of knowledge in technology standards for mobile banking. * Security: Security of financial transactions, being executed from some remote location and transmission of financial information over the air, are the most complicated challenges that eed to be addressed jointly by mobile application developers, wireless network service providers and the banks’ IT departments. When Security of any thick-client application running on the device. In case the device is stolen, the hacker should require at least an ID/Password to access the application. Banks unable to meet the performance and reliability expectations may lose customer confidence. 6. 0 ————————————————- Mobile Banking at a Glance ————————————————- 6. 1 What is Mobile Banking? Mobile banking is a Banking process without bank branch which provides financial service to unbanked communities efficiently and at affordable cost. To provide banking and financial service through mobile technology devices i. e mobile phone called mobile banking. ————————————————- 6. 2 Benefits of Mobile Banking: * Real time on-line banking. * Available anytime, anywhere throughout the country. * It is convenient, affordable and secure. * It is much more effective in developing saving habits. * It will make access to banking and advanced payment transactions at affordable cost. It is much safe, speedy and safeguard against fraudulent transactions. 6. 3 ————————————————- What does DBBL Mobile Banking offer? * Customer Registration. * Cash-in (Cash deposit). * Cash -out (Cash withdrawal) * Foreign Remittance. * Salary disbursement. * Person to person transfer (P2P). * Mobile Top-Up. * Balance inquiry. 6. 4 ————————————————- Where to register? Customer can register at any authorized agent point of DBBL who can display â€Å"DBBL Agent Certificate† and â€Å"DBBL Mobile Banking Banner†. . How to register mobile account? * Customer fills up the KYC Form and submits to agent along with his or her photograph and national ID. * Agent goes to Customer Registration Menu from his or her mobile and inserts customer’s mobile number. * Customer receives an IVR call or USSD prompt and in reply, she or he gives 4-digit PIN number at his or her choice. * A Mobile Account is created in DBBL system which is his or her mobile number +one check digit. * Customer receives a confirmation SMS which contains his or her Mobile Account N umber. 2 . Why PIN is required? PIN is required to be inputted during cash withdrawal from an Agent Point of DBBL or DBBL Branch or DBBL ATM. PIN ensure security of your money and protect fraudulent transactions. 3. Why PIN is strictly confidential? PIN is the key for transaction of Mobile Banking. Only correct match of PIN Mobile Number can access the Mobile Account. PIN is needed to verify the A/C owner by the system. If a PIN is disclosed, respective account is at risk; therefore, PIN should be handled very carefully. 4. Why Check Digit? Mobile number is public and known to many people. Without knowing your check digit, none will be able to deposit money at your account, thus it helps to keep your mobile account confidential. On the other hand, a check digit eliminates typing error, thus protects sending or depositing money to a wrong account. 5. Which Telco’s Mobile can be registered? Customer having any mobile from any mobile operator can be registered for DBBL Mobile Banking at any nominated agent point of the bank. 6. What are the necessary documents for registration? * Duly filled in KYC form. * Photograph of account holder. National ID or any other acceptable ID with photograph. 7. What is my Mobile Account Number? Your mobile account number is your mobile number with an additional check digit. For example, if your mobile number is 01233445566 and check digit is 3, then your mobile number account will be 012334455663. 8. What type of mobile set is required? Any type of mobile set can be used for DBBL mobile banking. 9. How much initial deposit is requir ed? Customer can open a DBBL Mobile Account with an initial deposit of taka 100/- (one hundred) only. 10. Can I deposit and withdraw money immediately after registration? You can deposit money immediately after registration. However, you can withdraw after your account is fully registered. Bank officer verify the information on the registration form (KYC form) and authorizes the account for full registration. Normally 1-2working days are required for full registration. After your account is fully registrated, you will get an SMS notification. ————————————————- 7. 1 Findings 1. Maximum people are unknown with DBBL Mobile Banking. 2. Maximum rural people are illiterate. 3. DDBL Mobile Banking only provides Savings Account facility not others. . DBBL not providing merchant payment service. 5. Sometimes facing network problem. 6. DBBL do not sanction loan by Mobile Banking. 7. Cash inflow outflow charge is higher. 8. Hide information/ Not provide real information. 9. Difficult to collect necessary information. 10. Limited number of Mobile Banki ng Branch. ————————————————- 7. 2 Recommendations After reviewing these problems, we can follow the following recommendations: ? Increase Awareness: The rural people have lack of awareness and they haven’t much faith on it. So banks and mobile phone companies and government have to make them aware about mobile banking. ? Interest to Use: Banks and mobile phone companies and government have to promote the mobile banking system and grow interest in peoples mind. ? Develop infrastructure: The socio economic infrastructure is very weak. Government has to develop the infrastructure to ensure education to all and then people can gather knowledge and they can remove their doubt about mobile banking. ? Make easier to use: Mobile banking system is easy, but to rural people it is not so easy to use. Mobile companies and banks have to make the process easier than now. ? Reduce cost: I think the current mobile banking provider DBBL charge much for transaction. To grow interest in peoples mind transaction cost has to reduce. ? Security: Security is the main barrier which has to ensure for mobile banking process. And many people have doubt in their mind about that. So the process has to make more Trust Worthy ? Campaign: Rural people are not aware about banking system. About more than 80% of people has no account in traditional banking system, where mobile banking is a new concept. So it is essential to make campaigns in village to village to aware them. ? Tell the people about the benefits: Mobile banking is a banking process that offers financial services like cash deposit, cash withdrawal, merchant payment, utility payment, salary disbursement, remittance inflow and outflow and government allowance disbursement through mobile gadgets. ? Develop operability: Make easy and effective operating of mobile phone to banking like using Short Message Services (SMS), Mobile Web, Mobile Client Applications, SMS with Mobile Web and Secure SMS will increase mobile banking activities. Ensure security through wireless network: The physical security of the mobile device is more important. Security of any ID/Password is more important. ? Ensure reliability: With mobile banking, the customer may be sitting in any part of the world (true anytime, anywhere banking) and hence banks need to ensure that the systems are up and running in a true 24 x 7 fashion will increase banks pe rformance and reliability of customer. ————————————————- 7. 3 Conclusion The growth of mobile banking technology is increasingly hard to ignore. Analyst firm Research reports that nearly 50 percent of all mobile users in the United States will be using mobile banking within four years use mobile financial services today. With the advent of technology and increasing use of smart phone and tablet based devices, the use of Mobile Banking functionality would enable customer connect across entire customer life cycle much comprehensively than before. Mobile banking can play a vital role both banking and mobile sector. It has also impact on social sector too. One day Mobile banking will make rural people’s life easier than today. Although it has been tried on the best level to make this report informative and better but limitations are inevitable for any report. Finally, we would like to say the overall performance of DBBL Mobile Banking section is excellent. Their progressive trends are quite consistent and steady. This will help the Bank and facilitate as a market leader in Banking sector. ————————————————- Abbreviations DBBL=Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited. KYC= Know Your Customer. IVR= Interactive Voice Response. USSD=Unstructured Supplementary Service Data. UISC=Union information and Service center. P2P=Person to person. ATM=Automated Teller Machine. PIN=Personal identification number. ————————————————- Questionnaire 1. DBBL Mobile banking division can provide services according to customer demand. * Yeas * No 2. What are the major constraint’s of mobile banking? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. What are the objectives of DBBL ? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. How many mobile Banking Account DBBL have? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5. What is the latest service of DBBL Mobile Banking? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6. Is rural people can easily adopt DBBL Mobile Banking service. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7. What is DBBL Future plan ? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8. What new service DBBL want to add with existing service? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9. Is Mobile Banking Division of DBBL profitable . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10. What are the major problem can you face? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11. What are the difference between DBBL Mobile Banking and bkash ? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12. What are the security measure taken from DBBL for Mobile account? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13. How do you provide foreign Remittance and Air – Time Top- up service? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14. What are the CSR activities DBBL perform? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15. How DBBL Sanction loan to its customer by Mobile banking? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16. Why DBBL can’t sign deal with Gramen Phone and Robi ? But they are holding first and second position among Mobile phone operator. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17. In case of traditional Banking there is no charge for deposite or withdraw but in Mobile Banking customer have to pay charges for both deposite or withdraw. Why? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ————————————————- Bibliography References: Dutch-Bangla Bank Ltd. (DBBL) Mobile Banking Office , Agrabad , Chittagong. (2012, September 22) http://www. marketresearch. com (2012, September 22) http://www. dutchbanglabank. com (2012, September 22) http://www. dutchbanglabank. com/mobile_banking. html (2012,September22 ) http://www. bankinfobd. com/banks/17/Dutch_Bangla_Bank (2012, September 20) http://en:wikipedia. rg/ wiki/mobile banking (2012, September 20 ) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/smsbanking (2012, Septe mber 20) http://en. wilipedia. org/wiki/online banking (2012, September 20) http. //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/telephone banking (2012, September 20) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/automated-tellermachine (2012, September 20) http://www. enterpriseinnovation. net (2012, September 20) http://www. sybase. com (2012, September 20) http://www. mbanking. blogspot. com (2012, September 20) http://www. grameen-info. org/index. php (2012, September 20) http://www. mobilebankingsystems. com How to cite Term Paper on Ddbl Mobile Banking. Chittagong Cantonment Public College., Essays

Analyse in detail Hamlets first soliloquy Essay Example For Students

Analyse in detail Hamlets first soliloquy Essay Hamlets first soliloquy is concerning his mothers seeming lack of mourning for his father and her desire to wed Hamlets uncle in such a short space of time after his death. The first lines reveal the feelings within himself. His sullied flesh describes himself as impure flesh, primarily because he is human, but also because he is of the same flesh as his mother in a physical sense. He wishes upon himself death, that his flesh would melt,. The metaphor of melting as dew is an indication of his will of complete bodily destruction. There is no thought of a recovery to his normal state of mind here, Hamlet only wishes to be free of his body, with its despair and bad emotions, and to be either elevated above it or even below it. The fact that he doesnt care whether he is up or down shows he is not thinking of the consequences of his actions, whatever they may be. On the more physical side these first lines show extremely strong suicidal tendencies, but the next lines show that, while suicide is uppermost in his mind, his religion prevents him from doing it. Or that the Everlasting had not fixd, His cannon gainst self-slaughter. he has been taught that to kill oneself is the highest form of sin against God, as written in his cannon, or religious law. This contradiction can only be adding to his confused state of mind. The thoughts he is thinking are dangerous and may contribute to his actions later in the play, as it is obvious his emotions have not completely settled. Hamlet goes on to describe the world as a desolate place, stale, flat, unprofitable, after his fathers death, which would have been bad enough, but adding insult to injury, his mothers quick re-marriage. This moral situation is described in the metaphor he uses in lines 135 to 137, the metaphor of an unweeded garden, with the things that grow in it merely possessing it. This also shows that there is little thought in what he is saying, or else he would have noticed that he is also saying it is natural for this progression of events to occur. An untended garden will grow weeds. This lack of thought is indicative of Hamlets confused state of mind. The garden is the description of his mother and how she is possessed by the King, whilst not really loving him. It is this seemingly lax morality that, coupled with his later thoughts about his fathers love for his mother, add to his relationship problems with those around him. Lines 137 to 146 give a little history of his queen and his dead father, sprinkled with metaphors. He compares his uncle to his father as a god compared to a wild beast: Hyperion to a satyr, and describes how the dead king loved his wife so much, he would not allow the wind to blow on her too hard. But Hamlet compares this love to that of the queen herself, which is more lust than love. In lines 145 to 151 Hamlet uses the metaphor of shoes to describe the speed at which his mother married after the funeral. A little month, or ere those shoes were old she married, My fathers brother. This is saying that the shoes she wore at the funeral were not worn by the time she wore them for the wedding. In the middle of this section Hamlet pauses to consider that an animal incapable of rational thought would have mourned longer. Hamlet has some serious issues about the speed at which his mother moved on and this reveals his confused state. .u210934e9bc7891e757e6ae794784df40 , .u210934e9bc7891e757e6ae794784df40 .postImageUrl , .u210934e9bc7891e757e6ae794784df40 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u210934e9bc7891e757e6ae794784df40 , .u210934e9bc7891e757e6ae794784df40:hover , .u210934e9bc7891e757e6ae794784df40:visited , .u210934e9bc7891e757e6ae794784df40:active { border:0!important; } .u210934e9bc7891e757e6ae794784df40 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u210934e9bc7891e757e6ae794784df40 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u210934e9bc7891e757e6ae794784df40:active , .u210934e9bc7891e757e6ae794784df40:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u210934e9bc7891e757e6ae794784df40 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u210934e9bc7891e757e6ae794784df40 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u210934e9bc7891e757e6ae794784df40 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u210934e9bc7891e757e6ae794784df40 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u210934e9bc7891e757e6ae794784df40:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u210934e9bc7891e757e6ae794784df40 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u210934e9bc7891e757e6ae794784df40 .u210934e9bc7891e757e6ae794784df40-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u210934e9bc7891e757e6ae794784df40:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hamlet Revenge A Chain Reactio EssayTo the audience, as outside observers, it is more obvious that his uncle had more than a little to do with the transfer of his mothers affections, but Hamlet seems to ignore this fact. He seems so sunk in despair he can only see what he wants to. The way he speaks the she in 156 is important to the interpretation of the line. It could be read into it that better is expected of the queen than from other women, but the first two words definitely work to soften the ext before the passionate outbreak of emotion to follow. Using the blasphemy, and meaning it, in Hamlets day was considered to be a great sin, and this adds weight to his following statements. Hamlet then compares his father to his uncle; that they were as different as he, Hamlet, was to Hercules. This is curious for a potentially strong leader, and shows his internal feelings of inadequacy. To be a king of what at that time was a very powerful country would require inner strength, something Hamlet doesnt seem to have, judging from the speech, although he is most distraught. It is assumed that to be king was what he was aiming for, although the speech partly contradicts this assumption. If he really wanted to be king it would be more likely that he would put more emphasis on his uncle and how he stole the throne from Hamlet. It could be read into the speech that Hamlet does not care for Denmark, although his background makes this highly unlikely. The other possibility is that he is just very confused. Lines 155 to 168 describe how he sees that the salt from his mothers tears had not gone from her face by the time she remarried. This is returning to Hamlets anger about his mother speed at marrying uncle. The entire speech is centred around the fact that Hamlet is extremely distraught at the speed at which his mother married. This is strange as it would be more likely that Hamlet would be angry at his uncle for taking the throne from him, when it should have passed to him as his birthright. This shows he is not thinking completely straight after the shock of his fathers death. His speech illustrates his confused state of mind by jumping about from thought to thought, although still carrying the continuing theme of his mothers re-marriage. Throughout the speech it would be more logical for Hamlet to be plotting his revenge, but he seems more concerned analysing his mothers problems. In a context other than a soliloquy it might be reasonable to assume that he was speaking to cover his true intent, but seeing as the written soliloquy is personal, not directed at another character, Hamlet is obviously in a state of some mental distress, and very confused.

Key Contextual Factors

Question: Give an overview of the story and key contextual factors. Answer: The morning was a bright one as usual. But for Grace and her family it was the beginning of a new happiness. Grace and Wesley were a happy couple. For a long time they didnt have a decent holiday in years, due to their busy schedule. So they decided to go for a holiday after a long time with their two children. Grace had a sister named Lily, who used to stay very close to her house. Lily was also lucky like Grace with her two children, Tyler and Maddi. Grace loved her sister dearly. There were no such situation or crisis where Grace left Lily alone to handle the situation.(Julien-Chinn, 2014) That day was a day of excitement for Graces family. All the faces were glowing. The taxi was waiting at their door way. Everyone was very happy as after a long time they are going to be together to enjoy to their fullest. But destiny had something else for them. Just as Grace was about to shut the door, Lilys son Tyler (Graces nephew) called Grace to say that Lily is off her medication and raving. Therefore, he and his sister Maddi need serious help from Grace. Grace run to her sister, as she had serious commitment to her sisters. She took her to the hospital and got her admitted. As the children of Lily were left with nobody to take care of them. So, Grace had to take them along with her, which eventually made Graces family unhappy. As they had to cancel their holiday trip for them and now they had to look after them as these two children were the new burden to the family. Therefore, as per the situation, Grace will have to look after Tyler and Maddi, which will not at all go well w ith the family and will result into fight. (Lebow, 2014). A sudden disappear of Tyler and Maddi from the house made Grace worried about them. She went to every corner of the city to find her sisters children at any cost. Then, she was astonished to find the two children at the hospital. The two had walked ten kilometers to see their mum. This made Grace realized that this is something that her own spoilt kids would have never done for her. Now, Grace is in a deep thought that how she could take care of these two special children?(Altman, 2014). An analysis of the application of particular theoretical idea(s) to the story and issues raised in the case study As we know that Grace is in a real trouble with these two children, Tyler and Maddi. Grace had to find someone of her relatives who can really do take proper care of these children for the time being, at least till the day their mum gets well. But if Grace fails to find someone trust worth and responsible then she has to keep these two children with her in her house. But this decision would make a great uncomfortable to Graces family which will eventually lead to fight in the family. If both the families would have maintained good terms between them, then this would not have happened. Graces children would have happily accepted the presence of Lilys children. And Graces children would have learnt the good manners and ethics that Lilys children do possess. A positive relationship must be grown within the children. They must be taught the importance of the family members and the relatives. Grace must take help of the professionals. And must get engage in the family centered practice to bring a positive change in the family. Through this, Grace will not only be successful to provide shelter to her sisters children but will also make her children learn good manners and empathy towards others.(Kotlar De Massis, 2013). Erik Erikson believed children undergo personality development right from their formative age. There are various conflicts that either help in mental development of the child or deteriorate it. An individual develops trust during his or her infant stage when it is the prime time to nurture the bonding with the direct service provider. Only through a safe partnership, a child will be able to develop relationships. Here, in the case, Tyler and Maddi failed to develop any kind of secure attachments after their mother went to hospital. Their aunt Grace couldnt provide them proper security and a relation of trust to them. So, these children couldnt take the situation and feared which eventually led them to go the hospital where their mother was admitted. These children could be helped by providing proper support when they struggle. Some steps should be taken to boost their self-esteem and confidence. Children mix with the outer environment through their games and some other social interactions. Self-confidence is done by interacting with their peers and through encouragement and praise by parents and teachers. During the development, children often face identity crisis and get t rapped into confusion. Self-independence helps them to strengthen their sense of self and also improves their ability to interact with the world. Tyler and Maddi were not provided with proper exposer to the outer world. And even they were not able to interact with others too. Therefore, the insecure condition made then frighten. (Landsman, 2013). Attachment theory, byJohn Bowlbyand Mary Ainsworth, provides ideasfrom the psychological and ethological perspectives to develop human relationships. According to Bowlbys observations, it is very important to develop a close emotional attachment between a child and the primary caregiver, which led to the emotional development of the child. Here, when Lily was hospitalized, Tyler and Maddi was left with no one who will provide them with proper care and love. Grace failed to provide these two little children due to her family which made these children suffer to a great extent (Gurman Kniskern, 2014). Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is a concept which is all about the basic need of a human life. The theory has hierarchy of needs at five-stages. Biological and Physiological needs are the air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep. Safety needs are the protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear. Love and belongingness needs are the friendship, intimacy, affection and love, which one can get from work group, family, friends, and romantic relationships. Esteem needs are the achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, self-respect and respect from others. Self-Actualization needs are the realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. Tyler and Maddi lacked all these need in their life after their mother Lily got sick and hospitalized. They were deprived from any kind of basic psychological support. They were not safe as the family of Grace didnt accept them warmth. Grace even failed to provide proper love and the feeling of belongingness to them. As a result, they felt insecure and got afraid, which affected their psychology to a great extent. These kid were even not respected which is the esteem need in the Maslows hierarchy of needs. Grace family disrespected them which eventually affected their ego and made them out of the house and go to the hospital where their mum was admitted. All these lack of needs can never provide self-actualization to Tyler and Maddi. Therefore, they will suffer from self-development. An outline of what principles of family-centered practice would be most useful when working with this family Relations focused applications is imperative in getting desired results.Family centered practice takes place best in the situation when the care giver realise that the parents or immediate guardians are the best persons to understand what is indispensable for their wards and to carry out the task with responsibility.The involvement of the parents in wards learning helps to improve the result for the children. Relations focused applications helps to uplift proper and perpetual care for the childs right from their formative age. This practice helps in understanding and respecting family relationships and also with proper routines and professional help, it makes the children able to develop secure attachments with greater continuity. Family centred practice develop responsive learning programs which makes remarkable learning experiences in the childrens life (Clausen, 2013). The potency of the relatives and guardians is given importance, emphasised in the relationship focused practice. Experts involved in relationship focused practice always do motivate and revere relatives for their movements made. These professionals work collaboratively with families and treat them as mutual partners in the education procedure and the improvement of the ward. An effective family-centred practice must be sensitive, diverse, and flexible. The Experts have a crucial role, that is to provide information to the family members and then they must work together to achieve their priorities. The experts will have to focus on the entire obligations to initiate and develop family centered practice. To beginand to maintain a family centered practice may be a challenging one, therefore, the professionals should highlight on their personal notions and exercises. The family members must be respected and given value as they are the experts in the lives of their children. Professionals are required to make aware that family participation or involvementin a family centered practice could change with the families changing. Interaction plays a crucial role in a family centered practice (Goodnow, 2014). The basic assumptions of the family cantered practice are that the Guardians are key in order to keep up with the effective processes. Therefore, they must get actively involved in their childrens life because they are the ones who know the best possible solution for their wards. Each and every group is different in their own way and hence they would best comprehend the need and want of the children (Buhler, 2013). There are various principles of the family centered practice. The opportunity must be given to every family to choose that how enthusiastic they are about making the decisions for their children. Group members are often motivated to get involved and take active part in all kinds of the childs program like planning, finally the implementation of the idea if it comes out effective. Each family and family member must be treated with respect and must be properly valued. Families are the source of information about the children and these information support to work out proper actions on their strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, the professionals would get aware about the need. Services are done according to the requirement of the child and with the guidance by the family members. Services are designed in such a way that it could meet each individual demands, needs and concerns. Aspects which are essential provided by the relatives should be considered seriously. The professional are totally respectful toward the family, starting from their cultural background, language spoken, socio-economic level, methods of coping, to their values and priorities. In this way the services are provided. All these principles should be properly followed to bring out Graces family from the trouble and to provide proper support to Tyler and Maddi, in their crisis. 4. An outline of appropriate or relevant programs or services that would support the family Relationship focused practice is the technique of collaborating with the families, in a formal way as well as in an informal way, across the service structure to improve their ability to care and provide security to children. The service mainly focuses on the safety and security demands of the kids with the help of their families and communities. The motto of this service is tobuild a strong family bonding and use the families' strengths to achieve optimal outcomes of the programs (Payne, 2014). Positive relationships within the family helps the family to be in a solid foundation. Where the educators, families and children can together build strong and secure bonds which eventually offer security and support to the whole family. Professionals must take an amount of sincere interest regarding the families opinions about their children. They must value the beliefs and thought of the family.Professionals must possess a broader and deeper understanding regarding the children who are under their care. They must be more approachable to the children than the formal educators. Positive relationships must be built among the professionals, the children and the family members. All these programs would support Graces family in an effective manner. Grace had no other options left in her hand without these programs which can actually mend her family. These programs will increase the understanding between every member of the family. Hence, it will help Tyler and Maddi with a better social and psychological condition. And will also educate Graces children with proper education towards life. Sometimes children and young people and even their familiesneed external psychological support to get through certain situations in the life. Counsellors understands their emotions and behaviors and help them to deal with the situations.Tyler and Maddi were in need of these professionals who could provide them with proper mental support and some techniques to deal with the crisis situation. Child psychologists diagnose the children and adolescents to solve issues causing emotional or behavioral problems to them. Tyler and Maddi strictly needed psychological treatment to overcome their mental difficulties. They need a proper treatment so that they can develop themselves and make themselves strong enough to face the challenging situation of the life. Child psychologist also makes the children come out of their fears and depressions and boost them up. Child care home and crche are some service provider of the society which provides services to these children. These organizations look after the children with proper care. They also provide food and proper homely environment, where the children like Tyler and Maddi can feel safe and secure. They even can interact freely with the children just like them. These organizations fulfills the duty of taking responsible care which is provided to these child at their homes (Gullv, 2013) There are also individual care taking service provider. They are the ones who takes care of these children in their home when the family faces crisis. They develops the child without hampering their mental stability in a homely environment and also do take proper responsible care to them, regarding their food and daily routine. Tyler and Maddi needed this kind of a caretaker for them. Grace couldnt provide them what they actually needed. But a care taking service provider could have easily solved the problem of them. References: Landsman, M. J. (2013). Family-centered practice. THE CHILDRENS BUREAU. Lebow, J. L. (2014). Editorial: New Frontiers for Family Therapyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Family Centered Practice and Neuroscience. Family process, 53(1), 1-2. Lietz, C., Hayes, M., Cronin, T., Julien-Chinn, F. (2014). Supporting Family-Centered Practice Through Supervision: An Evaluation of Strengths-Based Supervision. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 95(4), 227-235. Mak, L., Hiebert-Murphy, D., Walker, J. R., Altman, G. (2014). Parents decision making and their information needs concerning treatments for child anxiety: Implications for family-centered practice. Journal of Family Social Work, 17(1), 51-67. Kotlar, J., De Massis, A. (2013). Goal setting in family firms: Goal diversity, social interactions, and collective commitment to familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ centered goals. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(6), 1263-1288. Hast, A. S., DiGioia III, A. M., Thompson, D., Wolf, G. (2013). Utilizing complexity science to drive practice change through Patient-and Family-Centered Care. Journal of Nursing Administration, 43(1), 44-49. Kuo, D. Z., Houtrow, A. J., Arango, P., Kuhlthau, K. A., Simmons, J. M., Neff, J. M. (2012). Family-centered care: current applications and future directions in pediatric health care. Maternal and child health journal, 16(2), 297-305. Kaakinen, J. R., Coehlo, D. P., Steele, R., Tabacco, A., Hanson, S. M. H. (2014). Family health care nursing: Theory, practice, and research. FA Davis. Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., Pearson, A. W., Barnett, T. (2012). Family involvement, family influence, and familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ centered nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ economic goals in small firms. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 36(2), 267-293. Kotlar, J., De Massis, A. (2013). Goal setting in family firms: Goal diversity, social interactions, and collective commitment to familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ centered goals. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(6), 1263-1288. Gurman, A. S., Kniskern, D. P. (2014). Handbook of family therapy. Routledge. Payne, M. (2014). Modern social work theory. Palgrave Macmillan. Sigel, I. E., McGillicuddy-DeLisi, A. V., Goodnow, J. J. (2014). Parental belief systems: The psychological consequences for children. Psychology Press. Buhler, K. (2013). The mental development of the child: A summary of modern psychological theory (Vol. 68). Routledge. Bek, G., Weschler, C. J., Langer, S., Callesen, M., Toftum, J., Clausen, G. (2013). Childrens phthalate intakes and resultant cumulative exposures estimated from urine compared with estimates from dust ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption in their homes and daycare centers. PloS one, 8(4), e62442. Gullv, E. (2013). Creating a natural place for children. Childrens places: Cross-cultural perspectives, 23.