Love and Basketball free essay sample

It has an incredible message which is that on the off chance that you need to get far in your ideal vocation that you need to buckle down for it and that it doesn’t come simple. Furthermore, that the way to progress may appear to be long and hard yet when you get to the top, you will see that at long last it merited all the difficulty. A rundown of the plot is that it begins in 1981 in L. A. , Monica moves in nearby to Quincy. Theyre 11, and both need to play in the NBA. They build up an affection detest relationship that proceeds into secondary school, with Monicas edge and Quincys big enchilada demeanor in the end isolating them. As secondary school closes, they meet up as a team, yet it’s not long till them two are taking care of business at USC, Quincys relationship with his dad in a descending winding, which prompts their relationship going to an unexpected stop. We will compose a custom exposition test on Love and Basketball or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page A few years after the fact, their professional vocations to be decided, they meet once more. The time is now for a last round of one-on-one with high stakes. They plot bodes well and is anything but difficult to follow as there is nothing excessively entangled. Then again I don’t believe that it is too unsurprising on the grounds that it has numerous exciting bends in the road prowling in its fogs. In the film there are two primary characters Quincy McCall (Omar Epps) and Monica Wright (Sanaa Lathan). Monica has a tense demeanor which helps to her assurance to turn into the principal lady ever to enter the NBA. Then again Quincy with his big enchilada mentality is driven by the need to superior to his dad and to increase preferred achievements over his dad, Zeke (Dennis Haysbert), who plays a ball star for the Los Angeles Clippers. I preferred the principle characters a great deal the film all in all caused me to feel thoughtful for them as youngsters attempting to move on. Likewise it made me care about what befell them as the story advanced. The presentation of the two primary characters was extremely reasonable and credible it made them stick onto the edge of my seat, clinging to each word holding on to perceive what would occur straightaway. I feel that is the thing that a decent exhibition should accomplish to leave individuals needing more. Likewise I imagine that they had the option to see the character they were playing well indeed and they never came abnormal. I think the chief (Gina Prince-Bythewood) made a splendid showing in this film she had an incredible comprehension of her environmental factors and the time and setting of her film. The pace of the story was directly as it supported the story to stream together in one piece nothing was hurried with the goal that watchers had the option to take in each part of the story. The film is a decent one to take a gander at as there are many differed scenes for instance; it has a scene where it cuts from a male b-ball game to a female b-ball game. I think this was done astutely to show the distinction there is in a similar game however with various sexual orientations and it is actually an eye opener. By and by I delighted in the film particularly a portion of the valid statements where that it was sensible in the manner that it didn’t show love as a fantasy as it is ordinarily depicted in sentiment films. It was appeared such that individuals could without much of a stretch identify with which made it considerably increasingly praiseworthy. Then again it had some terrible focuses too for instance; a portion of the scenes where a piece excessively short so it appeared that the scene was deficient and that something was absent. I would altogether prescribe this to perusers as it is a practical film which isn't canvassed in a silver coating. Such individuals that I think would appreciate this film are individuals that like sentiment films with somewhat of a bend however it is as yet sensible and relatable. I can't contrast this film with another as I consider it to be a one of a kind impression of how to adjust your affection life and your work life without a moment's delay. By and large I would give this film five stars as it is one of the most important, sensible, reasonable and relatable love films I have ever viewed and I would watch it commonly more later on.

18 Funny St. Patricks Day Quotes and Toasts

18 Funny St. Patrick's Day Quotes and Toasts Irish individuals love to kid about themselves, and their affection for liquor has for some time been a subject in St. Patricks Day humor-and their own amiable ribbing of one another. Experience the Irish comical inclination with these interesting St. Patricks Day statements, and utilize these toasts whenever youre in your preferred bar with companions. Irish Blessing May the Good Lord fancy you...but not very soon! May the Lord keep you in his grasp and never close his clench hand excessively close. Creator Unknown Holy person Patrick was a gentlemanWho through methodology and stealthDrove all the snakes from IrelandHeres a drinkee to his health!But not very numerous drinkeesLest we lose ourselves and then...Forget the great Saint PatrickAnd see them winds once more! Anybody familiar with Ireland realizes that the morning of St. Patricks Day comprises of the evening of the seventeenth of March seasoned firmly with the morning of the eighteenth. Daryl Stout For what reason would it be advisable for you to never press a 4-leaf clover? You dont need to assume too much. Irish Saying There are just two sorts of individuals on the planet, The Irish and the individuals who wish they were. There are numerous valid justifications for drinking,One has quite recently entered my head.If a man doesnt drink when hes living,How in the hellfire would he be able to drink when hes dead? An Irishman is never flushed as long as he can clutch one piece of turf to shield from tumbling off the earth. Charles M. Madigan St. Patrick-one of only a handful not many holy people whose feast day presents the chance to get distinctly whacked and make a nitwit of oneself all under the appearance of acting Irish. St. Patricks Day Toast Here’s to a long life and a joyful one.A snappy demise and a simple oneA pretty young lady and a legit oneA cold brew and another! Irish Toast It is smarter to go through cash like theres no tomorrow than to go through today around evening time like theres no cash! May you kick the bucket in bed at 95 years, shot by an envious spouse (or wife). May the sound of cheerful music, What's more, the lilt of Irish giggling, fill your heart with happiness, that stays always after. May your glass be ever full.May the rooftop over your head be consistently strong.And may you be in paradise 30 minutes before the fiend knows youre dead. At the point when we drink, we get drunk.When we become inebriated, we fall asleep.When we nod off, we submit no sin.When we submit no transgression, we go to heaven.So, lets all become inebriated, and go to paradise! May you generally have a perfect shirt, a reasonable heart, and enough coins in your pocket to purchase a 16 ounces! May the breezes of fortune sail you, may you sail a delicate ocean, may it generally be the other person who says This beverages on me. May your PCP never gain a dollar out of you and may your heart never give out. May the 10 toes of your feet avoid all adversity, and before youre a lot more established, may you hear much preferable toasts over this.

Metals are electropositive chemical elements Free Essays

string(52) Dislocations can only with significant effort cross grain boundaries. Metals are electropositive concoction components that are portrayed by the accompanying characteristics: flexibility, pliability, brilliance, obscurity, and conductance of warmth and power. They can supplant the hydrogen of a corrosive and structure bases with hydroxyl radicals. Thickness is characterized as a material’s mass isolated by its volume. We will compose a custom exposition test on Metals are electropositive synthetic components or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now Metals commonly have moderately high densities, especially when contrasted with polymers. Regularly, materials with high densities contain molecules with high nuclear numbers, for example, gold or lead. Be that as it may, a few metals, for example, aluminum or magnesium have low densities. These metals are helpful in applications requiring other metallic properties yet in which low weight is likewise useful. Crack Toughness can be depicted as a material’s capacity to maintain a strategic distance from break, particularly when a defect is presented. Glass, for instance, has low crack durability (despite the fact that it shows high quality without defects). Metals regularly have high crack durability. Metals can by and large contain scratches and gouges without debilitating definitely. They are likewise sway safe. A football player depends on this reality to guarantee that his facemask won’t break. The move confine on a racecar, for instance, is made from steel. This steel ought to stay unblemished in an accident, ensuring the driver. The capacity of a material to twist or misshape before breaking is known as plastic misshapening. A few materials are planned so they don’t distort under typical conditions. You don’t need your vehicle to shelter the east after a solid west wind, for instance. In any case, now and then we can exploit plastic distortion. The fold zones in a vehicle ingest vitality by experiencing plastic twisting before they break. Stress happens when powers pull (this is known as strain), push (pressure) or act in mix on a material. When the power is applied, the material reacts by contorting, counterbalancing the power. With a bigger power, there will be a correspondingly more noteworthy bending until the thing breaks. Stress is the power applied per unit of cross-sectional territory square to the power. This can be communicated numerically as:: Stress (s) = Force/unit of territory The decimal standard for measuring units for stress are Newton per square meter (N/m2) and supreme framework units are pounds per square inch (psi). Strain is the sum the material twists from the emptied state when the power is applied. Its recipe is: Strain (x) = Change long/unique length Since strain is a proportion of length partitioned by a length, it has no units. By the equation, we can see that it speaks to a relative change in size. Twisting happens when a power is applied to a metal. The metal is accordingly stressed. The more noteworthy the power †the more the twisting (strain). This relationship is perceived in Hooke’s Law. Hooke’s Law portrays a versatile locale where anxiety are relative (a straight line on a chart). In this district the metal demonstrations like a spring and when the heap is expelled the distortion (strain) diminishes and it comes back to its unique shape. On the off chance that rather the heap expands, the strain (twisting) ascents and the metal experiences uniform plastic disfigurement. The pressure strain chart is bended in this locale. In the long run, a greatest pressure is arrived at when the metal when the material arrives at its restriction of necking. Necking is restricted diminishing that happens during sheet metal shaping preceding crack. The beginning of limited necking is needy upon the pressure state which is influenced by geometric components. At last, past the most extreme emphasize point, a point is arrived at where the metal can no longer support the heap and it yields. The conduct of metals under burden is a consequence of their nuclear plan. At the point when a material is stacked it misshapes minutely in response to the heap. The iotas in the material draw nearer together in pressure and further separated in strain. The sum a particle moves from its neighbor is its strain. As a power is applied the iotas change a proportionate separation. This model notwithstanding, doesn't clarify why there is abrupt yielding. With most present day metals yielding for the most part happens at about 1% of the hypothetical quality of the nuclear securities. Numerous materials yield at about 0.1% of the hypothetical quality. Or maybe, metals display such low qualities due to flawed nuclear structures in the precious stone cross sections which contain them. A line of molecules will frequently stop mid gem, making a hole in the nuclear structure. These holes go about as disengagements, which are tremendous emphasize bringing face up in the metal. These separations move when the metal is pushed. A separation is characterized as permitting particles to slip each in turn, making it simpler to misshape metals. Disengagement communications inside a metal are an essential methods by which metals are twisted and fortified. At the point when metals misshape by disengagement movement, the more hindrances the separations meet, the more grounded the metal. The nearness of disengagements in metal permits disfigurement at low degrees of stress. Notwithstanding, in the long run such huge numbers of separations aggregate that deficient iotas are left to take the heap. This makes the metal yield. Plastic misshapening causes the arrangement of more disengagements in the metal cross section. This can possibly make a lessening in the portability of these separations because of their propensity to get tangled or stuck. At the point when plastic misshapening happens at temperatures low enough that particles can't revamp, the metal can be fortified because of this impact. Lamentably, this additionally makes the metal become progressively weak. As a metal is utilized, it will in general frame and develop splits, which in the long run cause it to break or crack. Molecules of liquefied metal pack together to shape a precious stone cross section at the point of solidification. As this happens, gatherings of these molecules structure small precious stones. These precious stones have their size expanded by continuously including iotas. The subsequent strong, rather than being a solitary precious stone, is really numerous littler gems, called grains. These grains will at that point develop until they force after neighboring developing precious stones. The interface between the grains is known as a grain limit. Disengagements can only with significant effort cross grain limits. You read Metals are electropositive synthetic components in classification Papers If a metal is warmed, the grains can become bigger and the material gets milder. Warming a metal and cooling it rapidly (extinguishing), trailed by delicate warming (treating), brings about a harder material because of the arrangement of numerous little Fe3C accelerates which square separation s. The nuclear holding of metals additionally influences their properties. Metal iotas are appended to one another by solid, delocalized bonds. These bonds are shaped by a haze of valence electrons that are shared between positive metal particles (cations) in a precious stone grid. These external valence electrons are additionally portable. This clarifies why electrons can lead warmth and power †the free electrons are effectively ready to move vitality through the material. Therefore, metals make great cooking dish and electrical wires. In the precious stone grid, metal iotas are stuffed intently together to expand the quality of the bonds. It is likewise difficult to see through metals, since the valence electrons retain any photons of light hitting the metal. In this way, no photons go through. Amalgams are mixes comprising of more than one metal. Making combinations of metals can influence the thickness, quality, crack sturdiness, plastic twisting, electrical conductivity and natural debasement. For instance, including a modest quantity of iron to aluminum will make it more grounded. On the other hand, adding some chromium to steel will slow the rusting procedure, yet will make it progressively weak. Some amalgams have a higher protection from consumption. Erosion, coincidentally, is a significant issue with most metals. It happens because of an oxidation-decrease response in which metal molecules structure particles making the metal debilitate. The accompanying procedure that has been created to battle consumption in auxiliary applications: conciliatory anode made of a metal with a higher oxidation potential is joined to the metal. Utilizing this methodology, the conciliatory anode consumes, leaving the auxiliary part, the cathode, unharmed. Erosion can likewise be opposed by the development of a defensive covering outwardly of a metal. For instance, prepares that contain chromium metal structure a defensive covering of chromium oxide. Aluminum is likewise shows consumption safe properties on account of the development of a solid oxide covering. The natural green patina framed by copper is made through a response with sulfur and oxygen noticeable all around. In nature, just a couple of unadulterated metals are found. Most metals in nature exist as minerals, which are mixes of the metal with oxygen or sulfur. The division of the unadulterated metal from the mineral normally requires a lot of vitality as warmth as well as power. On account of this huge consumption of vitality, reusing metals is significant. Numerous metals have high quality, high firmness, and have great malleability. A few metals, for example, iron, cobalt and nickel are attractive. At long last, at amazingly low temperatures, a few metals and intermetallic mixes become superconductors. Fired: Fired materials are inorganic, nonmetallic materials, normally oxides, nitrides, or carbides. Most earthenware production are mixes among metallic and nonmetallic components in which the interatomic bonds are either absolutely ionic, or prevalently ionic however having some covalent character. While many embrace crystalline structures, some structure glasses. The properties of the earthenware production are because of their holding and structure. The term earthenware originates from the Greek word keramikos, which means consumed stuff! This signifie

Fukuyamas Philosophical System and the Ethics of Biotechnology Essay

Fukuyamas Philosophical System and the Ethics of Biotechnology - Essay Example There is ‘something’ that isolates people from different creatures. This idea prompts his different hypotheses on bioethics. With the end goal that experimentation on people ought not damage their nobility. What's more, that the quintessence of being human ought to stay flawless as this isolates people from creatures. As per Fukuyama, factor X makes people as the world knows them. It is the factor in the human body that can't be diminished to moral decisions, language, amiability, awareness, feelings, or any quality that has been advanced as a ground for human poise. He terms the factor that is answerable for the pride in humanity, the factor X. As it were, it is a philosophy that every individual holds. As per Fukushima, Jews, Christians, and Muslims share a typical subject that the man is made in the picture of God. This hypothesis is the base for Factor X among those devotees. Correspondingly, a skeptic likewise has factor X, which can be an ethical power. Fukuyama isn't against biotechnology. He is against abusing the holiness of people. This idea may be dynamic for researchers. Factor X can't be determined. It doesn't have that structure that researchers might want to think about pertinent. Truth be told, the idea of factor X is pertinent to the person’s convictions. Diverse conviction frameworks produce distinctive factor X’s. Such an idea may appear to be unreasonably profound for logical examination, however Fukuyama has committed his investigations to safeguard human holiness. Francis Fukuyama, a bioâ€conservative, alongside different scholars, for example, George Annas, Leon Kass, Jeremy Rifkin, Bill McKibben, and Wesley Smith, restricted the utilization of innovation to alter human instinct. Fukuyama fears that the man's temperament is the most valuable thing that can be influenced by the ongoing advances in human biotechnology.â

Profile of Camarasaurus

Profile of Camarasaurus Genuine heavyweights like Brachiosaurus and Apatosaurus get all the press, however pound for pound, the most widely recognized sauropod recently Jurassic North America was Camarasaurus. This medium-sized plant-eater, which weighed distinctly around 20 tons (contrasted with close to 100 tons for the biggest sauropods and titanosaurs), is accepted to have meandered the western fields in sizable groups, and its adolescents, matured and weak were presumably a prime wellspring of nourishment for the ravenous theropods of its day (the most probable enemy being Allosaurus). Name: Camarasaurus (Greek for chambered reptile); articulated cam-AH-rah-SORE-us Natural surroundings: Plains of North America Verifiable Period: Late Jurassic (150-145 million years back) Size and Weight: About 60 feet in length and 20 tons Diet: Plants Recognizing Characteristics: Large, square shaped skull; empty vertebrae; single hook on front feet Scientistss accept that Camarasaurus remained alive on more testing passage than its bigger sauropod cousins since its teeth were adjusted to cutting and destroying particularly extreme vegetation. Like other plant-eating dinosaurs, Camarasaurus may likewise have gulped little stonescalled gastrolithsto help granulate down food in its enormous gut, however direct proof for this is inadequate. (Incidentally, this dinosaurs name, Greek for chambered reptile, alludes not to the stomach of Camarasaurus yet to its head, which contained various enormous openings that most likely served a cooling capacity.) Does the uncommon pervasiveness of Camarasaurus examples (particularly in the stretch of the Morrison Formation spreading over Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah) imply that this sauropod unfathomably dwarfed its progressively well known family members? Not really: for a certain something, on the grounds that a given dinosaur happens to persevere in the fossil record talks progressively about the impulses of the protection procedure than the size of its populace. Then again, it just bodes well that the western U.S. could bolster a bigger populace of medium-sized sauropods, contrasted with littler groups of 50-and 75-ton behemoths, so Camarasaurus may well have dwarfed the preferences Apatosaurus and Diplodocus. The main fossil examples of Camarasaurus were found in Colorado, in 1877, and immediately bought by the well known American scientist Edward Drinker Cope (who was most likely apprehensive that his chief opponent Othniel C. Swamp would beat him to the prize). It was Cope who had the pleasure of naming Camarasaurus, yet that didnt keep Marsh from offering the class name Morosaurus on some fundamentally the same as examples he found later (and which ended up being interchangeable with the as of now named Camarasaurus, which is the reason you wont discover Morosaurus on any advanced arrangements of dinosaurs). Curiously, the abundance of Camarasaurus fossils has permitted scientistss to research this dinosaurs pathologythe different illnesses, infirmities, wounds and injuries that all dinosaurs endured at once or another during the Mesozoic Era. For instance, one pelvic bone bears proof of an Allosaurus nibble mark (its not known whether this individual endure this assault), and another fossil gives potential indications of joint inflammation (which could possibly, as in people, have been a sign that this dinosaur arrived at mature age).

Grammar and Writing Tips - Correlative Conjunctions Can You Both Have Your Cake and Eat it too

Grammar and Writing Tips - Correlative Conjunctions Can You Both Have Your Cake and Eat it too If you are writing a college essay, resume or cover letter, you will benefit from this grammar tip on structuring sentences using correlative conjunctions.   A correlative conjunction is a conjunction used with another conjunction that is necessary to complete the thought. Both/and is a popular correlative conjunction pair.   (Other common examples are either/or and not only/but also.)   The word “both,” when used as a correlative conjunction, is always paired with the word “and.” For example, “I like both John and his dad.” Here’s the tricky part of correlative conjunctions:   The objects or actions they refer to, i.e., the items that fall both before and after the second conjunction (in this case “and”) MUST be parallel in construction.   They must, for example, be two nouns or two verbs or two of the same SOMETHING. In the examples above, “John” and “his dad” are both nouns and are thus parallel; “before” and “after” are both prepositions and are thus parallel.   Here are some more correct ways to use both/and: CORRECT:   That day I saw both the sunrise and the sunset. [“the sunrise” is parallel to “the sunset.”] CORRECT:   That day I saw the sun both rise and set. [“rise” is parallel to “set.”] What people often do is to insert their conjunctions in the wrong place. Fix-it Example #1: INCORRECT:   Why is it so hard to accept that someone can both be a woman and a doctor? See how the phrase after “both” (“be a woman”) is not parallel to the phrase after “and” (“a doctor”)?   “Be a woman” is a verb phrase, but “a doctor” is a noun phrase. How can we fix it?   Just move the word “both”: CORRECT:   Why is it so hard to accept that someone can be both a woman and a doctor? [“a woman” is parallel to “a doctor.”] Fix-it Example #2: INCORRECT:   I was interrogated for hours both in Italian and English. [“in Italian” is not parallel to “English.”] CORRECT:   I was interrogated for countless hours in both Italian and English. [“Italian” is parallel to “English.”] Fix-it Example #3: INCORRECT:   I’ve always been committed to progress both in my knowledge and skills. [See the error?] CORRECT:   I’ve always been committed to progress in both my knowledge and my skills. [“my knowledge is parallel to “my skills.”] Fix-it Example #4 INCORRECT:   I realized I could use this skill both to help myself and the entire student body. CORRECT:   I realized I could use this skill to help both myself and the entire student body. These errors are often hard to catch in your own writing.   They are extremely common!   I recommend doing a search for the word “both” in your document. Did you use your correlative conjunctions correctly?   Let us know what you found! Need more writing help?   Contact The Essay Expert for a FREE 15 minute consultation.

The Potential Obstacles To Second Generation Family Owned Businesses - 275 Words

The Potential Obstacles To Second Generation Family Owned Businesses (Essay Sample) Content: OBSTACLES FOR SECOND GENERATION FAMILY-OWNED BUSINESSES Student’s Name Institution Affiliation People have long been mesmerized by family businesses, but many fail to acknowledge the burden posed by passing the business to the second generation. The transfer of business to the second generation faces far more challenges than expected. Challenges exist in every business, whether a multimillion-dollar conglomerate or a small shop on the street. Second generation family businesses are run by siblings or members of the family when the founders retire or die. Lack of enough resources to run the business is a primary challenge that befalls the businesses. The execution of strategy to run a business depends on the resources available, and most commonly the founders tend to exploit the business before passing it to the next generation. Therefore, the second generation is left with little to invest and manage the enterprise leading to failure. Succession issues greatly affect second-generation family-owned businesses. Less than a fourth of family-owned businesses have done succession planning, and when it comes to managing the new deal conflicts arise (Neubauer and Lank, 2016). The family is subjected to various problems like decision making, running the business and legislative issues that arise in between. Eventually, the business lags behind as a result of succession problems. Regulations and taxes can be significant obstacles to the second generation owned businesses. The new owners are subjected to change of ownership and payment of government taxes. Sometimes due to the regulations, the family is forced to sell part of the business to cater for the extras. Transition into a new business becomes difficult at this stage. Research on second generation family-owned businesses su...

Little Red Riding Hood by Bill Delaney - 946 Words

At first glance the characters Connie from â€Å"Where are you going? Where have you been?† and Little Red Riding Hood from the classic fairy tale â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† may seem to have nothing in common. However, from the start one can compare how much they actually have in common. Though these two characters are very different they are the same in many ways. Their story, from beginning to end, is similar. It is easy to see how alike and different they are with the description of Connie and Little Red Riding Hood’s lives, the relationship with their wolves, and their tragic endings. At the start of each story the authors give you a bit of insight into Connie and Little Red Riding Hood’s lives. Connie is a fifteen year old girl with a whole†¦show more content†¦Thoughts are not the only things Arnold and the wolf have in common. Arnold is said to look like Bob Dylan with â€Å"his unshaven face, his big white teeth† (Tierce and Crafton 221) The wolf also had large teeth. This common section may suggest that each are both smooth talks but also are eager to gobble up Connie and Little Red Riding Hood. The ending of both characters are often times guessed upon. For Connie most people who read the story believe she will be raped, however, it is never written in the authors words. For Little Red Riding Hood her ending in more definite in the stories but with so many versions it is a question on what they all mean. Connie’s ending is not sweet; it is not a happy ending. Where are You Going? Where Have You Been? ends in confusion, turmoil, and an mysterious ending. It is not known for sure if Arnold does in fact rape Connie but the story depicts a clear ending within its writing. For example, Arnold tells Connie â€Å"I’ll hold you so tight you won’t think you have to try to get away or pretend anything because you’ll know you can’t† (Oates 512). It is clear to Connie in these lines what Arnold’s purpose in her life is. There are many depictions of Little Red Riding Hood and each has their own version of who she was and how the story end ed. In the original written version by Perrault the wolf simply attacks Little Red Riding Hood and devours her. â€Å"Few parents choose to readShow MoreRelatedEssay Classic Fairy Tales: Annotated Bibliography1398 Words   |  6 PagesIn his evaluation of Little Red Riding Hood, Bill Delaney states, â€Å"In analyzing a story . . . it is often the most incongruous element that can be the most revealing.† To Delaney, the most revealing element in Little Red Riding Hood is the protagonist’s scarlet cloak. Delaney wonders how a peasant girl could own such a luxurious item. First, he speculates that a â€Å"Lady Bountiful† gave her the cloak, which had belonged to her daughter. Later, however, Delaney suggests that the cloak is merely symbolic

Reconstruction and the Myth of the Lost Cause - 1511 Words

After the Civil war, the Union was reestablished in racism. Reconstruction was the constitutional effort (13th, 14th, 15th amendment) of the north to force the south to treat the freed slaves as citizens. Reconstruction failed miserably. It is one of the least glorious parts of American history. Some nationalists like to think that there are no badly edifying chapters of America, and decide to forget about it. The civil war was one of the big three events along with the Revolution and World War Two. Everybody knows about the civil war, but when it comes to reconstruction, most of my friends have never heard of it. I think it is a travesty and just ignorant of our society to not teach about Reconstruction in history classes. Reconstruction†¦show more content†¦Racism became â€Å"the American dilemma†. Some say racism is the number one story in American history. I think race is illogical, unreasonable, a misconception, and a big mistake. There is no such thing as race. We really are all mutts. The North barely tried to set the south straight, there was well meaning involved, and some effort was given I guess. But it only lasted for twelve years. The last federal troops pulled out of the south in 1877 and only showed up to make sure blacks voted anyway. If blacks were interested in voting, they got a visit from the nightriders who would murder them. Within twenty years of being permitted to vote, no blacks were voting. It does not matter what the law says if the law is not being enforced. So after the nation reunited in racism, the United States was officially a racist country. People are hung up on the constitution today, but during reconstruction, the constitution was not enforced in many ways. In the south, there were many lynching’s going on that were treated like festivals. After they hung someone, the town would pose for pictures with the corpse and sell the picture as a postcard for the town. The north could not get the federal troops to stop these and the cops and sheriffs of the southern towns were usually in the crowd supporting it. The southerners completely evaded the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments. Blacks were under Jim Crowe laws, which meant that everything was segregated between blacks andShow MoreRelatedConfederate Flag And Confederate Monuments1692 Words   |  7 Pagestaken was the titled the â€Å"Reconstruction Act† enacted on March 2, 1867. (Tulloch) This required each state to create a new constitution allowed voting rights f or all men, as well as the ratification of the fourteenth amendment. The reconstruction act was supposed to lead to a civil society where all men are equal and no person marginalized. As with most things created by man, the results did not match the intent. The time of reconstruction is now so mired in half-truths, myths and outright lies thatRead MoreBlack Women And Feminism By Bell Hooks Ain t I A Woman1717 Words   |  7 Pagesemployed two important myths to brainwash all whites against the newly freed blacks: the myth of the â€Å"bad,† sexually loose black woman and the myth of the black male rapist† (p. 60). By perpetuating the myth that all black women were incapable of fidelity and sexually loose, whites hoped to devalue them that no white man would marry a black woman. Also, whites hoped to encourage white male rapists and sexual exploiters to take advantage of black women. In addition to these myths, Hooks lists other negativeRead MoreThe Radical And The Rep ublican996 Words   |  4 Pagesthe American Civil War and Reconstruction, Slavery, the Old South, Abolitionism and U.S. and World History. Oakes taught previously at Princeton University and Northwestern University. Oakes keeps the reader hooked at every turn of the page by switching back and forth between Abraham Lincoln’s (republican); who pledged to the democratic ethics of the Declaration of Independence, in trying to attain a more perfect union, and his central role in progressing the cause of slave freedom, first by issuingRead MoreEssay on Professional Sports - Injured Athletes and Early Retirement1613 Words   |  7 Pagesemotional pain comes later for the athlete who has been injured during play. This pain is realized when the athlete is soaking and icing, their dislocated joints, bones and torn muscles. After a while, distress sets in as they consider the prospect of lost participation in their sport, says sports psychologist Albert Petitpas, Ed.D, of Springfield College, an expert on rehabilitating injured athletes. They become anxious or confused, wondering whether they can ever play again and what they would doRead MoreThe Civil War Of America4105 Words   |  17 Pagessu pport sick and wounded soldiers of the U.S. Army during the Civil War. It was based in the North and encouraged thousands of volunteers to enlist in the army. President was Henry Whitney Bellows. R - Encouraged more soldiers to enlist because of their cause. 377 20 - Confederate Conscription Act A draft in the South for the war but, what the Confederacy (and the United States) did differently when calling out its volunteers in 1861 was to set a limit on their terms of contract. This was done obviouslyRead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederacy3672 Words   |  15 Pagesdo you reconcile that lost? How do you justify the pain and suffering that your family endured for it all to be in vain? You do it through myth and legend; you do it with the hope that the idea of the confederacy lives on even though the nation itself does not, and in that regard it succeeded. The ideal and myth of the confederacy not only outlasted the confederacy itself, but transcended into the very essence of American culture as the Lost Cause. The idea of the Lost Cause strives to show theRead MoreReflection Paper On Grief And Crisis1593 Words   |  7 Pages One definition that really helped me realize that it depends on the person is the trilogy definition of crisis. The trilogy definition says three things have to be there for there to be a crisis, which is a precipitating event, a perception that causes stress, and failed coping mechanisms. Another thing that I learned from this class that changed my view is that not everyone who is having a crisis or trouble is seeking for help. Something that I liked that we talked about in class was that justRead MoreThe Great Chicago Fire of 18711752 Words   |  8 PagesFire was very devastating to many people that were and were not involved. Many people had lost their family and their homes during the fire. About three hundred people died and a hundred thousand were left homeless. Some people even left town when the fire first started. There was an estimate of about two million dollars’ worth of damages. That fire left devastation in the heart of the city. The reconstruction fore everything began quickly (history.com). The city got better firefighting equipment,Read MoreGovernment Causes And Consequences Of The Vietnam War1487 Words   |  6 PagesThere were many causes of the Vietnam War, like government components and consequences that caused the Cold War. The causes o f the Vietnam War were surrounded by the simple ideas held by America that communism was threatening to cover all over south-east Asia. Before World War Two, Vietnam had been part of the French Empire. Which was during the war, the country had been overpopulated by the Japanese race. When the Japanese retreated, the people of Vietnam took the opportunity to establish theirRead MoreWho Were Really The Savages? Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pages Who were really the savages? Americans Yaghira Dickson History 223 History of the American Indian Dr. Dawn Spring 11 December 2016 Abstract Analyze the history of Lakota and Cherokee Indians and what area they are from. Pinpoint the myths and where they originated. Associate and disassociate at least two Indigenous stories about creation of the biosphere. Identify what the relationship between human beings and creation proposed. Recognize the relationship between human beings and animals. Find

The Effects Of Delinquency On Children s Life - 1657 Words

To say that America has a lot of crime would be a bit of an understatement. Each year, approximately 13 million arrests are made in the United States. Individuals between the ages of 14-17 account for 14 percent of violent crime arrests and 23 percent of property crime arrests. While these percentages may not seem staggering, children between the ages of 14-17 only make up roughly 6 percent of the U.S. population. It is clear that teens commit more crimes than adults, and that if we can reduce the amount of delinquency that occurs in the United States, then we will also reduce the amount of crime. To understand how to prevent delinquency, we must first understand what causes it. Delinquency can be caused by a number of factors†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, remarriage does not lessen the effects of the divorce and are proven to be less stable than families with two biological parents. However, divorce or family breakup is not necessary to have family conflict. S ome married couples never get divorced but continue living in constant aggression and conflict. There is very little difference between the behavior of children who witness intrafamily violence and those who are the victims of violence and abuse. Also harmful to a child s development is the lack of skill some parents have raising their children, also known as parental efficacy. A lack of parental efficacy can lead to delinquency through the means of overly-harsh discipline, inconsistent supervision, and poor communication. Children of working mothers and larger families are at a higher risk of delinquency as well. While family structure is essential to the development of youth, just as influential are the behaviors and deviance of the family. Studies have show that a significant number of delinquent youth have criminal fathers. Unsurprisingly, delinquent siblings can also have an effect on the delinquency of youth. Of course, child abuse and neglect can cause serious proble ms for a child and lead to delinquency. Being abused or neglected as a child can increase the likelihood of delinquency by 59 percent. Being physically abused also increases the chances of committing

Active Experimentation And Its Effects On Reality And The...

ACTIVE EXPERIMENTATION The active experimentation implies the starting of the process again; it is the phase of applying what has been learned from the experience (Kolb, 1984). To plan changes, learners need to have made conclusions from the abstract conceptualization step and put them into practice, renewing actions and assessing the effectiveness of those changes. This phase in simulation is the transformation of realism into reality and the starting of the cycle again. For Rudolph et al, (2006) this is the result of resolving previous behavioural dilemmas. For me, it is a question of incorporating the discovered knowledge in to our frames of reference, to allow the missing link to sink in. Once again, I consider that the degree of learning experience of the learner is important to achieve this. I have not been able to map this last step of Kolb’s cycle with a simulation experience as it happens post-simulation. Active experimentation is the testing of the new knowledge acquired during simulation against a real life experience. I personally see simulation like the platform for a rehearsed reality, like giving learners the opportunity to walk before they can run. For me, simulation is an opportunity to learn how to learn, to train one’s brain to stretch to new knowledge. Kolb raised the issue of educators’ difficulty not on implanting new ideas but on disposing or changing old ones. This difficulty could affect learning by simulation as we are talking about andragogy,Show MoreRelatedProject management approaches for dynamic environments Essay7304 Words   |  30 Pagesinvestigate the nature of projects conducted in fast changing environments. Examples and theory are used to illustrate the nature and challenges of this category. Suitable management approaches are identiï ¬ ed under the following headings: Planning, Experimentation, Lifecycle, Controls, Culture, Communication, and Leadership style. 2. The dynamic project category The paper closes with recommendations for further research. In this paper, control is taken to mean the mechanisms through which resourcesRead MoreWork Based Learning2798 Words   |  12 Pagesfor school children to obtain experience from work (â€Å"Work-based Learning Guide 2002†). According to (Kathleen A. Paris and Sarah A. Mason) it gives a chance to young people to be prepared for the changeover from school to work and, to learn the realities of work and be prepared to make the right choice of work. In Europe (particularly in England, Scotland, Ireland) and in Australia available commendation is more focused on on-the-job preparation and on academic learning linked to work situationsRead MoreThe Fifth Discipline7838 Words   |  32 Pagesclearer and to help us see how to change them effectively. Personal Mastery Mastery means a special level of proficiency. People with a high level of personal mastery are able to consistently realize the results that matter most deeply to them in effect. They approach their life as an artist would approach a work of art, by becoming committed to their own lifelong learning. The discipline of personal mastery, starts with clarifying the things that really matter to us, of living our lives in lineRead MoreAssessment of Credit Management System7096 Words   |  29 Pagesforce in the poverty reduction struggle. ACSI believes that, with the support of its stakeholders, it can successfully dispose the heavy responsibilities it is being charged with in this struggle. ACSI is currently reaching 8-10% of the economically active poor that is looking for microfinance service in the region, and with good repayment rates over the years. Some rightly argue how microfinance can be successfully run in regions like ours, serving very poor people, with little education, limited marketableRead MoreProblem Solving12254 Words   |  50 Pagesusing what you have learnt. One way of understanding how this works is the Experiential Learning Cycle, developed by US psychologist David Kolb. He suggests that the most effective learning occurs if people work their way through a cycle from learning about the theory (which Kolb called Abstract Conceptualisation), through planning how to apply what you have learnt (Active Experimentation), trying it out (Experience) and then thinking about the experience and what you have learnt from it (CriticalRead MoreOn the Interface between Operations and Human Resources Management16889 Words   |  68 Pagesscholars publishing in disjoint sets of journals, drawing on mostly separate disciplinary foundations. Yet, operations and human resources are intimately related at a fundamental level. Operations are the context that often explains or moderates the effects of human resource activities such as pay, training, communications, and stafï ¬ ng. Human responses to OM systems often explain variations or anomalies that would otherwise be treated as randomness or error variance in traditional operations researchRead MoreChallenges and Current Trends of Crm in Pc Industry: a Case Study at Dell Asia Pacific5686 Words   |  23 Pagescompetitions. Categories and Subject Descriptors [Transaction Processing and Enterprise Resources Planning System]: Traditional Transaction Processing Application General Terms Management, Measurement, Documentation, Performance, Economics, Experimentation, Human Factors, Theory Keywords Customer Relationship Management (CRM), PC industry, Information Technology (IT), Web-based customer interaction (WCI) 1. INTRODUCTION Breakthroughs in Information Technology (IT) have changed the fundamentalRead MoreThe Role of Gender in Consumer Behavior4442 Words   |  18 Pagesthat prenatal testosterone likely plays a role in establishing the sex difference in using landmarks for navigation.† A major drawback regarding most research on this subject is that is it conducted primarily on non-human subjects (hormonal experimentation can require large amounts of blood samples). The difficulty lies in determining what is relevant for our species. For example, a recent experiment determined that male roundworms preferred the smell of green vegetables, as opposed to hermaphroditicRead MoreMarketing Management Sample Exam14972 Words   |  60 Pagesin Amsterdam, has 24 employees. Most are | | |hired to do the printing work for the company s clients. Karen herself and the account manager are primarily occupied with | | |sales. Which of the descriptions below best covers the reality of the situation? | |[pic] |The administrative employee is primarily involved with commercial economics, and the entrepreneur is primarily involved | | |with business economics. Read MoreDesigning Intervention9340 Words   |  38 PagesUnfortunately, and in contrast to other applied disciplines such as medicine and engineering, knowledge of intervention effects is in a rudimentary stage of development in OD. Much of the evaluation research lacks sufficient rigor to make strong causal inferences about the success or failure of change programs. Moreover, few attempts have been made to examine the comparative effects of different OD techniques. All of these factors make it difficult to know whether one method is more effective than another

What You Dont Know About Informative Essay Samples for Elementary Students

What You Don't Know About Informative Essay Samples for Elementary Students In the event you're intimidated with critical essays, all you've got to do is to ask your instructor regarding guidelines and formatting. If you would like to borrow an idea, you should give an appropriate reference. There are various ways to phrase your title, but you ought to make certain that it reads smoothly and is an excellent overview of the objective of your essay. An intriguing title supports the proper option of topic. It is preferable to pick the key sources. Learn what sources (primary or secondary) are expected to know where to find the info. Many absolutely free examples of various academic papers on various topics are available on the internet, and we suggest to get a look at one of the many top samples. Students who find it tough to compose an informative essay after reviewing examples and suggestions from experts do not need to panic. You can find more topic ideas by abiding by the suggested link. To begin with, you've got to choose a topic. In the event the topic isn't assigned, you'll need to select your own topic. It should also be interesting. Essays are found on a variety of topics. Essay topics can fluctuate in several perspectives. Essay writing starts with the maturation of an informative essay outline. Writing an essay can be very problematic, especially should you not feel inspired or can't collect your thoughts in a logical sequence. Composing essays would most likely be the very last thing on your mind. Which is the reason we have given you some informative essay samples that will be able to help you with your own. In your introduction, you might have laid out what would be dealt with in the essay. If you prefer to learn to compose an informative essay, it's important to talk about the entire process step-by-step to ensure it is clear. You've got to compose an informative essay. What you aspire to teach your reader will find out the kind of your essay. You will need to provide your readers enough information in order that they fully realize what you're writing about. Your essay might incorporate the factors for teen pregnancy and talk about the present rates of teen pregnancy and potential solutions. When you begin an informative essay, be sure that you begin by producing an environment where the reader would like to learn more. What You Should Do to Find Out About Informative Essay Samples for Elementary Students Before You're Left Behind By the conclusion of unit 3, stude nts will have the ability to compose a persuasive paragraph. Modern-day students have a distinctive chance to use the web. Elementary students have to compose expository essays from time to time. Upper elementary students will gain from reminders about how to refer to and cite text evidence. Informative essay writing is an art that each and every student should master. Critical essays permit you to use your critical thinking abilities. Gifted administrations for essays will help you acquire the best grades in college. A simple means to appraise student writing is to make a rubric. Whether you're a student in high school or college, there's a 100% chance you will have to compose some type of informative essay during your educational decades. Editing While it may be simple enough to spot grammar and spelling errors in somebody else's writing, learning how to find your own mistakes can be challenging. Informational Writing Prompts to assist Students Learn About the World Around Us A journal isn't only a safe location for a student to reflect on her or his ideas and feelingsit may also be a highly effective tool that permits the student to find out more about what's going on in the world around us. The 30-Second Trick for Informative Essay Samples for Elementary Students Superior content is comparatively simple to create. When you decided on this issue, it's time to sit down and spend a few hours or more based on the assignment's volume on the informative essay outline. In truth, it can be both positive and negative based on how you attack the topic. If you pick an interesting and compelling topic, it is going to stick out from the rest and become noticed. It is not sufficient to describe a particular topic a student should serve as a specialist in the chosen field by supplying specific examples and educating the audience on the given problem. By the conclusion of the second week, students will have the ability to compose an expository paragraph. A student could possibly be running out of time on account of the overloaded schedule.

Civil War The Battle at Hampton Roads Essay Example For Students

Civil War The Battle at Hampton Roads Essay The battle at Hampton Roads was part of the Peninsula Campaign that lasted from March to August of 1862. There was a total of five ships engaged in the battle. From the US Navy, there were four ships, the USS Congress, USS Minnesota, USS Cumberland, and the USS Monitor. The CS Navy had one ship, the CSS Merrimack. On March 8, 1862, the CSSMerrimack steamed into Hampton Roads. She proceeded to sink the USS Cumberland and then ran the USS Congress aground. Captain Buchanan then set his sights on the already handicapped USS Minnesota. The USS Minnesota was run aground on one of the shores. Capt. Buchanan did not know, but the USS Monitor was lying in wait, ordered to protect thewounded USS Minnesota. Lt. Worden steamed out into the middle of the bay to meet the CSS Merrimack. The USS Monitor fired first in a drawn out battle that lasted about four and a half hours. They fired shot, shell, grape, canister, musket and rifle balls doing no damage to each other (Lavy 3). After four and a ha lf hours, the CSS Merrimack withdrew due to falling tides. The USS Monitor did not make chase because of a crack in the turret. The results of the battle were inconclusive, neither side could claim victory. The estimated casualties resulting from the battle were extensive. The Union lost about 409 sailors and the Confederacy lost about 24 sailors. The battle was so impressive tothe leaders of both the Union and the Confederacy, that they contracted their Naval yards to have more ironclad ships built. Additions to the Confederate fleet included the CSS Tennessee, a 209 foot long blockade runner with four broadside cannons and pivoted cannons at the bow and stern. Additions to the Union Navy included the USS Carondelet. Armed with thirteen guns and stationed on the Mississippi, she was a formidable opponent. Prior to the building of the USS Monitor, the USS New Ironsides was built. It was the strongest ship ever built by the Northern Navy (Lavy 4). Wooden ships were now obsolete. Ironclad ships began to roll out of ship yards more often than their wooden counterparts. The invention of ironclads in the Civil War set examples for the future of ship building in the United States (Lavy 5). The ironclads were at an advantage over the wooden ships of the two Navies because of their superior technology. Ironclads could withstand hours of battering by artillery, and they could be used to cut traffic lanes through mine fields. Their armor could resist the blast from a mine considerably better than any wooden ship could. They could also carry more powerful guns. Due to their increased stability in the water these massive ships could easily endure the recoil of a huge cannon. Another useful characteristic of the ironclads was their ability to be used in ramming missions. The hull of the ship would not be compromised by a hit associated with ramming a wooden vessel. Because of Civil War technology, the United States has never built another wooden battleship since the introduction of the ironclads. Every armed conflict since then has seen more and more improvements in the way ironclad ships were built. The introduction of multiple massive turrets in the late 1800s improved the firepower dramatically. Later renovations included improved power plants and more devastating weapons. Perhaps the greatest renovation came in the pre-World War I era with the introduction of the aircraft carrier. Today, ironclad ships are so advanced that they are scarcely bigger than the ironclads used in the Civil War, but they are hundreds if not thousands times more powerful.

Life and Music of Antonio Vivaldi Essay Example For Students

Life and Music of Antonio Vivaldi Essay Spelled Della Pieta, generally accepted as being the best of the four Special (while often referred to as orphanages, these Special were in fact homes for the female offspring of noblemen and their numerous dalliances with their mistresses; therefore, they were well endowed by the anonymous fathers), and many of his concerti were indeed exercises which he would play with his many talented pupils. The brilliance of some solo writing in his student exercise concertos testifies to the extremely high standard attained by his ladies. Until 1709, Vivaldi appointment was renewed every year and again after 1711. Between 1709 and 1711 Vivaldi was not attached to the Spelled. Some speculate that in this period he was already working for the Theatre Santa Angelo, an opera theater in Venice. He also remained active as a composer having twelve concertos published in Amsterdam by the music publisher Astatine Roger, perhaps the best-known, and almost certainly the best- organized printer/publisher of the baroque era and Vivaldi major publisher, under the title electro armoring (Harmonic Inspiration). In 1713, Vivaldi was given leave for one month from the Spelled Della Pieta in order to stage his first opera, Tone in Lila, in Vaccine. We will write a custom essay on Life and Music of Antonio Vivaldi specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the 1713-1714 season, he was once again attached to the Theatre Santa Angelo, where he produced an opera by the composer Giovanni Alberta Restore (1692-1753). As far as Vivaldi career in theatrical activities was concerned, he hit a very high point around the end of 1716 on account of having the Spelled Della Pieta perform his first great oratorio, Judith Triumphant devices Holiness barbaric in November. This particular work of art was an allegorical description of the victory of the Venetians (the Christians) over the Turks (the barbarians) in August 1716. At the ND of 1717, Vivaldi moved to Mantra for two years to accept his post as Chamber Capillaries at the court of Leningrad Philips van Hisses-Dramatic. His Job and responsibilities there were to provide musical compositions such as operas, cantatas, and some concert music as well. His opera Armada had already been performed earlier in Mantra, and in 1719 Outshone and Toto Million followed. Written on the score of the Toto Million are the words: music by Vivaldi, made in 5 days. Furthermore, in 1720, he performed his opera in Mantra, La Conduce o Asian Lie ever mimic. In late 1720, Vivaldi returned to Venice where he again staged new operas he ad written in the Theatre Santa Angelo. In Mantra, he had made the acquaintance of the singer Anna Girded ,also known as Girl, and she had moved in to live with him. Vivaldi maintained that there was no romantic relationship between the two of them, By suburbanites Palling, who also shared his house. In his Memories, the Italian playwright Carlo Golden gave the following portrait of Vivaldi and Girded: This priest, an excellent violinist but a mediocre composer, has trained Miss Girded to be a singer. She was young, born in Venice, but the daughter of a French wigmaker. She was not beautiful, Hough she was elegant, small in stature, with beautiful eyes and a fascinating mouth. She had a small voice, but many languages in which to harangue. Vivaldi maintained his relationship with Girl until his death. Vivaldi also wrote works on commission from foreign rulers, such as the French king, Louis XV the serenade La Seen fastening, Festival on the Seine, for example. This work cannot be dated precisely, but it was certainly written after 1720 and his return to Venice. .u285f1b5d121789a6939ea5e08997c028 , .u285f1b5d121789a6939ea5e08997c028 .postImageUrl , .u285f1b5d121789a6939ea5e08997c028 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u285f1b5d121789a6939ea5e08997c028 , .u285f1b5d121789a6939ea5e08997c028:hover , .u285f1b5d121789a6939ea5e08997c028:visited , .u285f1b5d121789a6939ea5e08997c028:active { border:0!important; } .u285f1b5d121789a6939ea5e08997c028 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u285f1b5d121789a6939ea5e08997c028 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u285f1b5d121789a6939ea5e08997c028:active , .u285f1b5d121789a6939ea5e08997c028:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u285f1b5d121789a6939ea5e08997c028 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u285f1b5d121789a6939ea5e08997c028 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u285f1b5d121789a6939ea5e08997c028 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u285f1b5d121789a6939ea5e08997c028 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u285f1b5d121789a6939ea5e08997c028:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u285f1b5d121789a6939ea5e08997c028 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u285f1b5d121789a6939ea5e08997c028 .u285f1b5d121789a6939ea5e08997c028-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u285f1b5d121789a6939ea5e08997c028:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Negative effects Dance hall Music EssayVivaldi found a patron in Rome by the name of Cardinal Pitter Tiburon, a great music lover, who earlier had been the patron of Archangel Cornell. If the word of Vivaldi is to be believed, in this time he was also requested to perform a violin piece as part of a private show for Pope Clement X. Despite his stay in Rome and other cities, Vivaldi remained in the service of the Spelled Della Pieta, which nominated him Maestro did concerti. He was required only to send two concertos per month to Venice (transport costs were the responsibility of the client) for which he received one ducat per concerto. His presence was never required, though he did appear from time to time. He also remained director of the Theatre Santa Angelo throughout the 1726, 1727 ND 1728 seasons. Between 1725 and 1728, eight Vivaldi operas were premiered in Venice and Florence. Abbot Contain wrote of Vivaldi: In less than three months Vivaldi has composed three operas, two for Venice and a third for Florence; the last has given something of a boost to the name of the theater of that city and he has earned a great deal of money. During these years, Vivaldi was also extremely active in the field of concertos. In 1725, the publication II comment deliberation e delineations (The trial of harmony and invention), opus 8, appeared in Amsterdam. This consisted of twelve concertos, seven of which were descriptive: Spring, Autumn, Winter, and Summer (The Four Seasons), Storm at Sea, Pleasure and The Hunt. Vivaldi transformed the tradition of descriptive music into a typically Italian musical style with its unmistakable timbre in which the strings play a major role. These concertos were enormously successful, particularly in France. In the second half of the 18th century there even appeared some remarkable adaptations of the Spring concerto: Michel Corrected (1709-1795) based his motet Ululated Domingo De collies of 1765 on his concerto and, in 1775, Jean-Jacques Rousseau reworked it into a version for solo flute. Spring was also a firm favorite of King Louis W, who would order it to be performed at the most unexpected moments, and Vivaldi received various commissions for further compositions from the court at Versailles. In 1730 Vivaldi, his father, and Anna Girded traveled to Prague where he met a Venetian opera company which between 1724 and 1734 staged some sixty operas in the theater of Count Franz Anton von Sports. In the 1730-1731 season, two new operas by Vivaldi were premiered in this theatre after the previous season had closed with his opera Furnace, a work the composer often used as his showpiece. At the end of 1731 Vivaldi returned to Venice, but at the beginning of 1732 he left again for Mantra and Verona. In Mantra, Vivaldi opera Shimmied was performed and in Verona, on the occasion Vivaldi concentrated mainly on operas. Vivaldi continued to write instrumental music, although it was only to sell the manuscripts to private persons or to the Spelled Della Pieta, which after 1735, paid him a fixed honorarium (salary) of 100 ducats per year. In 1733 he met the English traveler, Edward Woolworth, who had been impassioned to purchase a few of Vivaldi compositions for the man of letters, Charles Jensen, author of texts for oratorios by Handel. Woolworth wrote to Jensen: l spoke with your friend Vivaldi today. He told me that he had decided to publish no more concertos because otherwise he can no longer sell his handwritten compositions. He earns more with these, he said, and since he charges one Guiana per piece, that must be true if he finds a goodly number of buyers. In 1738, he was in Amsterdam where he conducted a festive opening concert for the 10th Anniversary of the Schubert Theater. He returned to Venice, which was suffering a ever economic downturn at that time, and resigned from the Spelled in 1740, with the intention to move to Vienna under the patronage of his admirer, Charles VI.

Youth violence Essay Example

Youth violence Essay Young person force is increasing and rapidly going one of the major concerns in American today. Frequent young person force can be found at schoolyard, at place, outside, and everyplace in the community. Why do nt people inquire themselves what is doing the young person today so violent, and is at that place anything they can make to halt this tendency? Youth force is a serious issue, and there are many factors that contribute to youth force ; they are domestic force, negative media and packs. The truth is if a kid grows up in an unhealthy family so there will more opportunities for he or she to turn up to be a violent individual. Every twenty-four hours, a kid witnesses an act of force non merely on telecasting, but besides in their ain place, from their parents. A place is supposed to be a safe topographic point where kids larn how to love and associate to others. However, if they normally see force in their parent s relationship, they would presume that all relationship is ever filled with force. As a consequence, they look at their parents and think they have the right to make that excessively, so they will non care what parents have to state to them and merely acquire thoughts from the streets which are non good. That is why they are dropping out of school and merely hanging out with their friends, which merely brings them into problem, lead to force. We will write a custom essay sample on Youth violence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Youth violence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Youth violence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer How force in the media contributes to the many other factors that lead to violent and aggressive behaviour in young person? Most of the force is directed chiefly many kids and striplings. However, non every child who partakes of violent Television shows, films or picture games will go a violent felon. Two common effects from media are imitation and fright. Today s young person are invariably surrounded by important Acts of the Apostless of force on Television, in films, and in video games. Many experts in instruction and psychological science believe that kids are moving out what they see. The Acts of the Apostless can easy be reacted due to changeless exposure. For many kids, Television and picture games have become their primary function theoretical accounts. Unless parents and instructors take the clip and duty to learn kids respectful values, they will larn job resolution, get bying accomplishments and struggle declaration from video function theoretical accounts. Another consequ ence is they would be fear from watching unrated films. Some films that are meant for grownups can be rather chilling for younger childs, which can do jobs subsequently on in the socialisation procedure. The last common ground that causes youth force is packs. There are many of adolescents in pack, who come from bad friends, friends in pack. The lone thing they want when articulation there is merely to turn out them, to be cool ; even they have to contend or kill person to acquire in it the pack. That is why they are ever ready to make stupid things without believing about the consequences, merely to allow their friends know that they are moving like a hero, a large brother in their group. Another ground is they are ever believing that they are lonely in this universe, they have to make everything to last and their pack friends are merely people, who they can make everything and dice for. For illustration, there was a hideous shot in a Vietnamese eating house a few months ago. A immature cat came into the eating house, and so he killed all the people around a tabular array in the corner. The ground of his action was he hated a cat in the group of those people. The list of lending factors to violent behaviour in young persons is neer stoping. One thing that the society should retrieve though is that non merely one individual factor can be linked to youth force. To forestall young person force enlarge, non merely an single bash, but the society besides has some duty to it. For illustration, the society should restrict games and pictures that have many violent scenes ; parents should take attention of their childs much more than at the present.

Hamlet, Part 6 Applying Literary Criticism Flashcard

Hamlet, Part 6: Applying Literary Criticism

Classic George Orwell Quotes

Classic George Orwell Quotes George Orwell is one of the most famous writers of his time. He is perhaps best known for his controversial novel, 1984, a dystopian tale in which language and truth are corrupted. He also wrote Animal Farm, an anti-Soviet fable where the animals revolt against the humans. A great writer and a true master of words, Orwell is also known for some smart sayings. While you might already know his novels, here is a collection of quotes by the author that you should also know. Ranging from grave to ironic, from dark to optimistic, these George Orwell quotes give a sense of his ideas on religion, war, politics, writing, corporations, and society at large. By understanding Orwells opinions, perhaps readers will be able to better read his works.   On Freedom Freedom is the right to tell people what they do not want to hear. I sometimes think that the price of liberty is not so much eternal vigilance as eternal dirt. Talking Politics In our time political speech and writing are largely the defense of the indefensible. In our age, there is no such thing as keeping out of politics. All issues are political issues, and politics itself is a mass of lies, evasions, folly, hatred and schizophrenia. In times of universal deceit, telling the truth becomes a revolutionary act. Jokes A dirty joke is a sort of mental rebellion. As I write, highly civilized human beings are flying overhead, trying to kill me. On War War is a way of shattering to pieces... materials which might otherwise be used to make the masses too comfortable and... too intelligent. On Hubris A tragic situation exists precisely when virtue does not triumph but when it is still felt that man is nobler than the forces which destroy him. On Advertisements Advertising is the rattling of a stick inside a swill bucket. Foodie Talk We may find in the long run that tinned food is a deadlier weapon than the machine-gun. On Religion Mankind is not likely to salvage civilization unless he can evolve a system of good and evil which is independent of heaven and hell. Other Wise Advice   Most people get a fair amount of fun out of their lives, but on balance life is suffering, and only the very young or the very foolish imagine otherwise. Myths which are believed in tend to become true. Progress is not an illusion, it happens, but it is slow and invariably disappointing.

The UAE Islands

The UAE Islands Over the last few decades, the issue of the rightful owner of the three islands in the Gulf region has been a highly contested matter between Iran and the United Arab Emirates. The three islands : Greater Tunbs, Abu Musa, and Lesser Tunbs amounts to lesser than 26 KM2 of scrub and sand. However, the islands’ proximity to strategic points in the Persian Gulf has always accorded them a big economical significance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The UAE Islands specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It should be observed here that this great importance directly associated with the location of the islands does not only extend to Iran and the Emirates, who are said to be the largest claimers of the land, but far beyond. The ownership disputes over the islands dates back over one hundred years ago, and this has consistently drawn the attention and concern of the international communities onto the matter. The three island s belonging to the UAE were taken years ago by the Iranian government and the conflict began to rise again due to Iranian pressures. This big concern about the islands was more of a regional matter than anything else, and in that case, there were unsuccessful interventions by the British forces in the late 1960s, to ensure that both Iran and the UAE had equal control over one of the islands that was of great economical importance. This memorandum of understanding granted the two states equal share on the economic outcomes of Abu Musa Island. However, none of the two countries could renounce full claims on the island’s sovereignty. These new developments had occurred as a result of Britain’s announcement in the late 1960s that it intended to vacate the region by the end of the year 1971. The Iranian government had highly disputed this decision claiming their own historic rights on the highlands, and this would eventually see their troops forcibly gain control over the i slands towards the end of 1971 (Mobley, 2003). However, Iran was obliged to abandon this misguided claim following a referendum that was conducted on Bahrain under the supervision of the United Nations, but this did not stop them from having full control and authority over the islands.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the claims that were initially presented by Tehran, the three islands were long managed by Iran, before they were later seized by the British government within the Gulf in the nineteenth century (Salman Al-Saud, 2004). The Emirates, however, came up with claims that Arab leaders had ruled the islands for over two hundred years. Iran had tried to raise an ownership claim to the three islands in the early 1920s, but this move was quickly opposed by the British, who had a different perspective on the matter. This would ensure that the control of the t hree islands was retained by Sharjah. The latest tensions on the matter escalated in the early 1990s, when the Emirates accused the Iranians of violating the agreement that gave them an equal authority over the Abu Musa Island. These claims were laid open in the year 2008 when it was reported that Iranians had already established maritime offices in the island, thus prompting serious protests from the Emirate’s side. This increased domination of the island by the Iranians appeared to give power to one side, while exploiting the other, as opposed to the requirements of the memorandum of understanding which had been signed by the two states in 1971, with regard to the control of the Abu Musa. As it would be observed, this prolonged dispute between Iran and the UAE with regard to the true ownership of the three islands has recently necessitated a number of events and incidents. For instance, the controversial and provocative issue has facilitated a wise initiative by the UAE in the recent years, to resolve the matter through negotiations reached upon Iran and themselves, the International Court of Justice or any other suitable forum that involves the international attention. UAE’s government has constantly reaffirmed their claim to ownership of the islands, condemning Iran’s military occupation and domination on the matter (Kozhanov, 2011). In this context, the UAE has gone ahead to offer a number of suggestions on the most appropriate options that should be followed in addressing the matter.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The UAE Islands specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first option would be engagement in direct bilateral talks between the two major rivals on the matter; Iran and the UAE. This approach will address the question of sovereignty of the three Islands, among other key issues surrounding the Iranian occupation and control of the islands. There are no any prec onditions that have been set by the UAE against the Iranian government, as far as this approach is concerned. The other option that had been proposed by the UAE towards a permanent resolution on the issue was to seek the advice and judgment of international parties such as the International Court of Justice in The Hague. Even though the UAE had expressed their willingness to accept any ruling that might be reached upon by the ICJ regarding the sovereignty of the islands, Iranians have completely rejected anything to do with any of these two options. The above specific phenomenon had triggered new suspicions from the Iranian government who saw this as a plan to rob them of their sovereignty over the disputed islands (Anthony, 2010). In this regard, Iranians would later on accept to engage into bilateral talks on the matter, but on a number of conditions. The officials representing Iran on the matter had clearly expressed their complete unwillingness to tackle the question of the thre e islands’ sovereignty. According to the officials, their main concern on the talks would be aimed at resolving the misunderstandings between them and the UAE on this progressive issue. Even though the International law has been clear on its enforcements that sovereignty cannot be achieved through the way of coercion or military invasion, the presence of Iranians on the three islands continues to raise many questions. This, however, explains the reason as to why the Iranians have been unwilling to allow the involvement of the ICJ in this matter. This is simply because the international court is likely to rule in favor of the Emirates as far this issue is concerned, owing to the weakness stand of the Iranians in terms of the international law on this specific matter. However, Iran has over the years used this as their vantage point from which they can have full control over the matter, since the international court can only exercise their jurisdiction power on the matter where the involved parties have given in to referral of a dispute, and that is something which they have refused completely.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The above approach by the UAE was intended to effectively improve the conflicted relationship between Iran and the UAE, but it has only succeeded at raising unanticipated tensions on whether there would ever be a permanent resolution on this matter, which has threatened to tear the interests of the two countries apart. This is contained in the interests of each of the two rivals to have a sovereign power and authority over the three islands, which are certain to generate significant economical benefits, among other attractive alternatives. Moreover, the outcomes of this move by the UAE would be even more of a serious conflict between the two nations, than an attempt to bring them together through a permanent resolution, as it was previously intended. UAE’s efforts to regain control of the islands from the Iranians through whichever means has subsequently been considered to be a move which is likely to severe more the diplomatic ties between this two adversaries and other gulf states (Nuruzzaman, 2012). This may also result to violence and attacks, considering the much-spread word that Iran has established a strong military presence on the disputed islands as a way of securing them from the Emirates. This security detail, as it will be observed, constitutes of both anti-ship and anti-aircraft missiles to ensure maximum safety measures of the islands from any point of attack. This exaggerated security concern is a clear indication that the Iranian government is not ready to surrender the sovereignty of the islands to any other state, and that they are willing to act in any possible manner against any plans to relieve them of this significant right. Some of the major consequences that are likely to sprout from this phenomenon would include poor social fabrics and disintegration of the close and multifaceted trade relationships that have existed between Iran and the UAE. As it would be observed, Iran-UAE economic ties have risen steadily over the past ten y ears. This however, would be expected, considering the fact that the Emirates have emerged as Iran’s key connection and access to global economy in the recent past, as trade sanctions against Iran continue to take serious effect on their economy (Ulrichsen, 2009). No wonder, major global traders such as China and Japan have started conducting bilateral economic activities with Iran, through the UAE. The flourishing Iran-UAE economical relationships, however, may be short-lived following Iran’s failure to honor the UAE’S decision on the islands’ issue. In the events arising from this phenomenon, there have been consistent concerns that the Iranian government poses the biggest threat to Emirate’s political, economical, and even national security. It leaves no doubt that this dispute over the islands has been the most persistent cause of bilateral tension between the two Gulf States, as it is observed from this essay. As a matter of fact, the islandsà ¢â‚¬â„¢ issue remains a constant irritant in the social and economical relationships of the two countries, thus undermining any development efforts applied by the countries. Even though this constant threat over the islands has never escalated to the levels of extreme violence, there have been increased concerns of late that these tensions may eventually result to serious bilateral tensions or conflicts. In order to contain the impact of all these potential consequences, Iranians should stop seeing themselves as an imperial power, and try to cooperate more intensively on the UAE’s idea of peaceful negotiations to resolve this big issue which has threatened to tear them apart. References Anthony, J. (2010). 5 Strategic dynamics of Iran-GCC relations. Industrialization in the  Gulf: A Socioeconomic Revolution, 78(8), 28-35. Kozhanov, N. (2011). US Economic Sanctions against Iran: Undermined by External Factors. Middle East Policy, 18(3), 144-160. Mobley, R. (2003). The Tunbs and Abu Musa Islands: Britains Perspective. The Middle  East Journal, 17(6), 627-645. Nuruzzaman, M. (2012). Conflicts between Iran and the Gulf Arab States: An Economic Evaluation. Strategic Analysis, 36(12), 542-553. Salman Al-Saud, F. (2004). Iran, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf: Power Politics in Transition. United Kingdom: IB Tauris. Ulrichsen, K. (2009). Internal and external security in the Arab Gulf states. Middle East  Policy, 16(2), 39-58.

Business Ethics Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Ethics Problem - Essay Example Therefore, employees should behave professionally and ethically in all situations because ethical behavior is the key to the resolution of complex issues. Hall (2011) states, â€Å"Ethics pertain to the principles of conduct that individuals use in making choices and guiding their behaviors in situations that involve the concepts of right and wrong† (p. 112). In this paper, I will relate an example of a U.S. software company where a customer confidence problem occurred between an employee from the programming department and a customer of the company. The base of the issue was less accounting knowledge of the software developer. Description of the Company The name of the company where the ethical issue arose is SyBase. The company belongs to the Computer Software industry and deals with the development of software products and applications. The company started its operations in 1984. The company has become one of the top software companies of the United States due to the qualit y of its products and services. The Ethical Issue An ethical issue occurred in SyBase in 2004. One day, a customer came to the customer service department and made a complaint about the accounting software that the company developed for him on request. He made a claim that the application had some errors because it was not giving correct results. The software was showing incorrect results for the calculations of Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, and some other calculations. He wanted to meet the software developer who developed that accounting software for him. When the customer services officer to whom the customer brought the issue contacted that database developer, he started making excuses and did not come to meet the customer. Upon telling the real situation to the developer, he asked the customer services officer to make the customer come after a week. The customer left the office and came again after a week to get the remodeled accounting software. When the customer services officer told the developer about the arrival of the customer, he asked him to apologize to the customer once more. The reason was that the developer was still not able to remove the errors. The customer became disappointed with the situation and asked the customer services officer to file a complaint to the manager of the programming department. When the manager investigated the issue, he came to know that the software developer was not able to fulfill the requirements of the customer due to which he was delaying the issue. The developer did not have a grip over complex accounting issues due to which he was not able to develop reliable accounting software for the customer. The ethical issue in this example was that the developer tried to hide his inability in removing the errors by delaying the issue. Individuals Involved in the Issue The individuals involved in the issue were the software developer, the manager of the programming department, and a regular customer of the company. Outcome of the Issue The issue not only decreased the customer’s confidence in the company but also resulted in putting a spot on the company’s image. The developer could have tackled the situation in a much different way. He should have made the company aware of the real situation instead of being afraid of losing his job. Recommendations for the company The manager of the

Securing our Borders Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Securing our Borders - Thesis Example borders with Mexico and Canada. Several sources indicated the need for greater border security through a wide range of technological, legislative, and military interventions (Meyers, 2003; Military Technology, 2010), as well as global agreements (Taylor, 2005). Despite the need of securing the borders, however, there are also calls for the consideration of ethical and human rights dimensions of border security (Arreolo, 2010). The U.S. government is also pressed to consider the rights of poor workers and people searching for an asylum to migrate to the U.S., where they can find shelter, freedom, and livelihood. In addition, some sources argued for the importance of understanding cultural geography, when finding and evaluating solutions to border issues (Arreolo, 2010). The borders are not seen as boundaries by illegal immigrants, but as opportunities for a new and better life (Hemphill, 2009; Huemer, 2010). This paper will explore the literature on the U.S. borders and border securit y. The research questions are: What are some of the strategies that the U.S. government should pursue to enhance border security? Should the government ensure that these interventions are humane and ethical? This paper will discuss existing border patrol strategies. It will also discuss recommended strategies that aim to enhance border security. ... Finally, it examines the ethical implications of border security measures and the need for international efforts for managing borders. The Honey of Illegal and Legal Immigrant Bees One of the primary goals of border security is to control immigration, particularly illegal immigration (Marek, 2007). The U.S. continues to symbolize the land of milk and honey for many people around the world, especially those from the Third World. An estimated 500 million people cross the U.S. borders every year, and this consists of people seeking for employment or business opportunities and refugees, as well as unfavorable border crossers, such as criminals and terrorists (Antal, 2010, p.54). The U.S. prides itself as a democratic front for human rights that include the rights to travel and immigrate to other countries. The U.S., despite immigration controls, accepts more legal immigrants as permanent residents than all other countries combined (Antal, 2010, p.54). In 2008, more than a million immigra nts became natural U.S. citizens (Antal, 2010, p.54). In 2009, the U.S. granted legal immigrant status to 1.1 million immigrants (Antal, 2010, p.54). The U.S. however, also controls the number of legal immigrants, which push some people to resort to illegal immigration methods. Illegal immigration remains as significant concern, since the U.S. cannot realistically put enough people to monitor wide borders. The U.S.-Canada border extends 5,525 miles; while the border with Mexico covers 1,989 miles long (Antal, 2010, p.54). Furthermore, the U.S. also envelops more than 95,000 miles of shoreline, thousands of airports, and 360 naval ports of entry (Antal, 2010, p.54). It is projected that almost 22,000 containers cross these naval

SARS Treatment Methods Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

SARS Treatment Methods - Research Paper Example Since SARS is almost impossible to extinguish from the face of the planet Earth, the fear of this disease has existed since it first appeared among the populations in 2003, making it a powerful weapon against the fearful populations that never truly goes away. The primary source comes from the American Medical Association (AMA). AMA collects data on disease outbreaks, as well as research and activism related to health (AMAa). Its mission and guiding principles focus on the belief that a corporate association can promote ethical approaches to patients, further innovations in the field, and set standards for other physicians and medical students, among other things (AMAb). It also acts as support to physicians on legal issues by providing information on antitrust laws and physician payment filing (AMAc). The AMA website contains 64 different sources on the word â€Å"SARS† (AMAd). Resources range from definitions of the disease, to clinician infections and health system preparedness (AMAd). Information through articles is provided on international SARS outbreaks as well (AMAd). AMA provides links to other organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO). AMA also focuses on other infectious diseases. Besides SARS, AMA also provides information on â€Å"tuberculosis, influenza, viral hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, bloodborne and foodborne pathogens †¦ allergies, meningitis and many others† (AMAe). Information provided comes in form of â€Å"extensive reports, fact sheets, toolkits and links to then latest research† (AMAe). ... 2003 Detection and Responses to SARS In November 2002, SARS contagions began in Foshan City (Kaufman 53 - 54). This city is located in the South of China, where large numbers of pigs and chickens live in close proximity to humans (Kaufman 54). Thus, this area is known for virus mutations and disease outbreaks among humans (Kaufman 54). Symptoms of SARS are similar to flu. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), symptoms start with an increased bodily temperature above 38 Celsius degrees (1). Other symptoms might follow: bone ache, headache, and feeling of discomfort, diarrhea, dry cough and finally, pneumonia (CDC 1). However, China, unlike other countries, attempted to hide SARS outbreaks. As the outbreaks set in, the Chinese government covered them up, thus allowing the infected to travel abroad and infect more persons (Kaufman 54). As a result, the contagion became global, instead of being only isolated to a few areas in China. By January 2003, when autho rities were secretly notified, disease had spread across the entire region. However, the public was still kept unaware (Kaufman 54). According to Kaufman, the justification for secrecy lies in the fact that pneumonia was not required to be reported to the public (54). WHO acted a few months later. According to Bloom, one of the top WHO infectious disease specialists was infected by SARS in March of 2003 in Hanoi (701). The specialist died. Rumors spread about additional contagions in China (Bloom 701). Once WHO was alerted by a health computer logarithm, on February 11 the Chinese authorities reported the epidemic (Kaufman 55). It was in April that WHO was allowed to access the area (Kaufman

Japanese Public Broadcaster-NHK Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Japanese Public Broadcaster-NHK - Research Paper Example NHK is no different. All told, NHK has probably never been in such difficulties at any other point in its history. To begin with, it is useful to examine the recent scandal that so dented the reputation of NHK. In late 2004, NHK employed more than 10,000 people and had revenue from a viewing fee that came to almost $5 billion. But then all hell broke loose. Top executives were accused of embezzling funds, and the popular company chairman was forced to step down. NHK came under increased governmental and legal scrutiny, and competitors revved up their engines. This report neatly summarizes the situation: In Japan, the NHK viewing fee (which is something that akin to BBC’s license fee) is mandatory under the country’s broadcasting law. Although there is no penalty for those who fail to pay, almost 80% of about 46 million Japanese TV households make monthly payments of about US$12. The 2004 scandal, however, triggered waves of consumer discontent, resulting in about 1,280,000 refusals to pay. This translates into a total revenue loss of some US$42 million or 7.4% of NHK’s gross revenue for the fiscal year 2005 which ended in March 2006. The percentage of fee-paying consumers dropped by almost 10%.1 That marked only the beginnings of NHK’s financial woes. Two twin problems were approaching on the horizon that will affect NHK’s bottom line for years to come: the financial crisis and recession of 2008-09 and the huge changes in the media world brought about by the Internet. Like everyone else NHK is finding that serious journalism is in trouble. Laborious and expensive, news stories and investigative reports that reflect a passionate commitment to the public interest are being squeezed out of our media by new economic realities. Faced with decreasing advertising revenue, media companies have been consolidating rapidly in recent years, in part to take advantage of economies of scale.  Ã‚  

ENG315 week1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ENG315 week1 - Coursework Example In the long run, the system control could no longer work as expected and there were some managerial-worker conflicts in the company. Given an opportunity to change the flow of information in decision making at this company, I could prefer the predictive control of distributed decision making method. The system has got four key aspects, which include; the predictive mode of team decision making, the fitness function as the second aspect, thirdly there is the optimization of information structure and finally the forecast decision making requirement. This system achieves convenience by the fact that stakeholders act as both decision makers and implementers. Although all of us make decisions every day, some of the decisions are straightforward while others are complex and indirect. In business decision making, this systematic approach to decision making is essential to address critical elements that can result into timely decisions (Bhushan & Kanwal, 2004). Moreover, there is no conflict of interests because every stakeholder is involved in decision making as well as implementing. With this organization, every stakeholder is motivated to work since every contribution is considered

Structural and Functional Properties of Tendons

Structural and Functional Properties of Tendons Chapter One Literature Review 1.0 Introduction Tendons are dynamic structures; their extracellular matrices are continuously being synthesised and broken down over the course of an individual’s lifetime. The macromolecules, namely collagen, proteoglycans, hyaluronan and the non-collagenous proteins form the extracellular matrix of tendons. In normal tendon exists a fine balance between the synthesis and degradation of these macromolecules resulting in a strong healthy tendon. It is evident that damage to tendons, such as in overuse tendinopathy results in changes to the levels and types of macromolecules present in tendon with decreased levels of collagen and increased levels of proteoglycans, hyaluronan and non-collagenous proteins, causing a weakened tendon that is prone to rupture. These degenerative features have thus far been partially characterised. By identifying the levels and various types of macromolecules present in normal tendons and tendons exhibiting overuse tendinopathy an understanding of the basis of the condition can be determined and possible ways of preventing or ameliorating tendon degeneration can be considered. The terms overuse tendinopathy and pathological tendon will be used interchangeably throughout this study. This literature review will attempt to define and characterise the structural and functional properties of tendon and will discuss the current literature regarding the levels, types, synthesis and catabolism of macromolecules present in the extracellular matrix of tendons and also attempt to define and characterise the pathological aspects of overuse tendinopathies. Chapter Two of this thesis will dictate the materials and methodology used in these studies. Chapters Three, Four and Five will present the results of this thesis. Finally, chapter Six will include the discussion and discuss any limitations and future considerations. 1.1 Synovial Joint Joints are articulations found between adjacent parts of bone that allow controlled frictionless movement (for review see; Mankin Radin, 1997). In the human body there are three different types of joints and these are grouped according to the type of movement they make. They include the freely movable joints (synovial joints; i.e., most joints of the extremities such as the knee joint), slightly movable (cartilaginous joints; i.e., the vertebrae and ribs) and those that are immovable (fibrous joints; i.e., the skull). The majority of the joints found in the human body are synovial joints (for review see; Mankin Radin, 1997). There are six different types of synovial joints including the ball-and-socket joints, hinge joints, saddle joint, pivot joint, gliding joints and condyloid joints. A synovial joint contains a joint cavity that is enclosed by a fibrous capsule linking the adjoining bones. This joint capsule is lined by a synovial membrane that secretes a lubricating and nutritious fluid called synovial fluid that is rich in albumin and hyaluronan. The surface of each bone is typically covered with articular hyaline cartilage or in some circumstances fibrocartilage. In addition, the joint capsule is supported by accessory structures such as tendons and ligaments, which provide stability to the synovial joint (Sledge et al., 2001). 1.1.1 Articular Cartilage Articular cartilage covers the adjoining ends of bones in joints and has a white colour (for review see; Mankin Radin, 1997). It is a tissue that is devoid of blood and nerves and provides a wear resistant surface with low frictional properties for the joint and attains its nutrients via diffusion from the synovium into the synovial fluid (for review see; Mankin Radin, 1997). Furthermore, articular cartilage is resilient and flexible. This allows articular cartilage to withstand large compressive and tensile forces as well as allowing it to distribute load on subchondral bone during joint loading (Kempson, 1980) even though it is only a few millimetres thick (Hardingham, 1998). Its biomechanical properties are dependent on the structural composition of the extracellular matrix, which is comprised of water (70-80%), collagens (predominantly Type II collagen), proteoglycans (predominantly aggrecan) and non-collagenous proteins (Kuettner et al., 1991; Poole, 1997). The predominant cell type present in articular cartilage is called the chondrocyte. These cells are responsible for the maintenance, synthesis and degradation of all the extracellular matrix components (Kuettner et al., 1991; Buckwalter Mankin, 1998). Mature articular cartilage can be divided up into four zones including the superficial (tangential) zone, the middle (transitional) zone, the deep (radial) zone and the zone of calcified cartilage (Huber et al., 2000). The organisation and composition as well as mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix varies within these zones. The deeper zones have high proteoglycan levels and low cellularity whereas the more superficial zones contain low proteoglycan levels and increased cellularity (Aydelotte et al., 1988; Buckwalter Mankin, 1998). 1.1.2 Joint Capsule and Ligament The joint capsule is a fibrous connective tissue that is attached to the skeletal parts of a joint beyond their articular surfaces. The principal function of the joint capsule is to seal the joint space and to supply stability by limiting movement (for review see; Mankin Radin, 1997). Most joint capsules are strengthened by ligaments. Ligaments act together with the joint capsule and the peri-articular muscles to provide stability to the joint preventing excessive movements. They permit free movements when lax, but can stop unwanted movements when tight by virtue of their high tensile strength. Occasionally joint capsules are strengthened by tendons, such as the extensor tendon in the finger joint. The joint capsule and ligaments proceed to hold the bones together and to guide and limit joint movements. Ligaments attach one bone with another bone and have a limited vascular and neural supply which enable them to repair relatively well after damage (Bray et al., 1990). The knee joint is a good example of different types of ligaments. The medial collateral ligament fuses with the joint capsule, and the cruciate ligaments and the lateral collateral ligament, which are both completely independent of the joint capsule. 1.1.3 Synovial Membrane The synovial membrane (synovium) lines the non-articular surfaces of a joint such as the joint capsule and ligaments, and is responsible for secreting and absorbing synovial fluid, which contains hyaluronan (Mason et al., 1999). Synovial fluid lubricates the joint and provides at least partly for the nutrition of articular cartilage, invertebral discs and menisci. The synovial extracellular matrix acts as a scaffolding to support synoviocytes and plays an important role in cell migration and differentiation. It is mostly composed of collagen particularly Type III collagen, with smaller amounts of proteoglycans such as decorin and biglycan (Mason et al., 1999), non-collagenous proteins such as fibronectin, elastin and lamina, hyaluronic acid as well as lipids, serum proteins and electrolytes (Hirohata Kobayashi, 1964). The synovial membrane has only been detected in vertebrate animals (Henderson Edwards, 1987). Furthermore, synovial tissue is not arranged into discrete layers, but rather represents a continuum from surface to deep zones. The extracellular matrix of the synovial membrane varies in composition from its surface to its deep zones (Hirohata Kobayashi, 1964). 1.1.4 Tendon Tendons are dense fibrous connective tissues found between muscles and bones (for review see; Benjamin Ralphs, 1997). The primary role of tendon is to absorb and transmit force generated by muscle to the bone to provide movement at a joint. In addition tendons operate as a buffer by absorbing forces to limit muscle damage. Each individual muscle has two tendons, one that is proximal and the other distal. The attachment of the proximal tendon of a muscle to bone is called a muscle origin and that of the distal tendon an insertion. A normal tendon has a bright white colour and a fibroelastic texture and enables resistance to mechanical forces. Tendons come in many shapes and this is most likely due to their function, they can be round or oval in cross section or they can come in the form of flattened sheets, fan shaped, ribbon shaped or cylindrical in shape (for review see; Benjamin Ralphs, 1997). In a muscle like the quadriceps which creates strong forces the tendons are short and broad, while those that are involved in more delicate movements like the finger flexors, long and thin tendons are present (Kannus, 2000). Tendons are arranged in a hierarchical fashion (see Figure 1.1). A group of collagen fibres form a primary fibre bundle or subfascicle; this is the basic unit of tendon. A group of subfascicles form secondary bundles or fascicles, which form tertiary bundles constituting the tendon as a whole. The primary, secondary and tertiary bundles are encased in a thin connective tissue reticulum called the endotenon (Elliott, 1965; Kastelic et al., 1978; Rowe, 1985). The endotenon carries blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics to deeper areas of the tendon (Elliott, 1965; Hess et al., 1989). The whole tendon is surrounded by an epitenon, which is a dense fibrillar network of collagen (Jozsa et al., 1991). The epitenon is contiguous with the endotenon and like the endotenon is rich in blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics (Hess et al., 1989). Many tendons are surrounded by a connective tissue called the paratenon. Paratenon allows free movement of the tendon against the surrounding tissues (Schatzker Branemark, 1969; Hess et al., 1989). The myotendinous junction is the site of union with a muscle, and the osteotendinous junction is the site of union with a bone (Kannus, 2000). In tendon, blood vessels represent between 1-2% of the entire extracellular matrix (Lang, 1960; Lang, 1963). Some blood vessels may originate from the perimysium at the musculotendinous junction and blood vessels from the osteotendinous junction (Schatzker Branemark, 1969; Carr Norris, 1989; Clark et al., 2000). At rest, rabbit tendons have been shown to have blood flow of around one-third that of muscle, and it is known that blood flow in tendon increases with exercise and during healing in animals (Backman et al., 1991). The oxygen consumption of tendons is 7.5 times lower than that of skeletal muscles (Vailas et al., 1978). 1.1.5 Tendon Extracellular Matrix The major cell type present in tendon is the fibroblast (also known as tenocytes; Ross et al., 1989; Schweitzer et al., 2001; Salingcarnboriboon et al., 2003), which are embedded within an extracellular matrix (see Figure 1.2). These cells are sparsely distributed, comprising only 5% of the dry weight of adult tendon (Ross et al., 1989; Schweitzer et al., 2001; Salingcarnboriboon et al., 2003). These cells lie in longitudinal rows and have many cell extensions that extend into the extracellular matrix (McNeilly et al., 1996). Fibroblasts are responsible for the synthesis and degradation of all the macromolecular components that make up the extracellular matrix of tendon, including the most abundant macromolecule present in tendon, collagen, as well as proteoglycans, hyaluronan and non-collagenous proteins (Vogel Heinegard, 1985; Curwin, 1997; O’Brien, 1997). The extracellular matrix is made up of parallel bundles of collagen aligned longitudinally (60-85% of tendon dry weight) associated with elastin fibres which constitutes approximately 1-2% of the dry weight of tendon (Tipton et al., 1975; Hess et al., 1989; Jozsa et al., 1989; Curwin, 1997; Kirkendall Garrett, 1997; O’Brien, 1997). Tendon consists of 55-70% water, most of which is associated with proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix (Elliott, 1965; Vogel, 1977; Merrilees Flint, 1980; Riley et al., 1994b; Vogel Meyers, 1999). The proteoglycan content of tendons is approximately 1% of dry weight of tendons (O’Brien, 1997).Water and proteoglycans have important lubricating and spacing roles in tendons that allow collagen fibres to glide over one another (Amiel et al., 1984). The structure, composition and the organisation of the tendon matrix is crucial for the physical properties that tendons posses (Riley, 2004). The collagen component gives tendon its great tensile strength (Scott, 2003) whereas it is the proteoglycan component of the tendon matrix that enables tendons to withstand compressive load (Schonherr et al., 1995), while elastin fibres increase tendon extensibility (Scott, 2003). 1.1.6 Tendon cells The cell population of tendon has so far been poorly characterised (for review see; Riley, 2000), the majority of tendon cells have the appearance of fibroblasts (also known as tenocytes) and constitute about 90-95% of the cells present in tendon (Ross et al., 1989; Schweitzer et al., 2001; Salingcarnboriboon et al., 2003). The remaining 5% to 10% of cells present in tendon are chondrocyte-like cells (fibrochondrocytes), which are mostly present in the fibrocartilaginous regions of tendon where tendon attaches to bone. Also present in tendon are some mast cells, capillary endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and nerve cells (Hess et al., 1989; Jozsa Kannus, 1997). Fibrocartilage cells are large and have an oval shape and they are often packed with intermediate filaments (Merrilees Flint, 1980; Ralphs et al., 1991). Tendon cells are linked to one another via gap junctions (McNeilly et al., 1996; Ralphs et al., 1998), allowing cell-to-cell interactions (McNeilly et al., 1996). Fibroblasts have a branched cytoplasm surrounding an elliptical, speckled nucleus. The rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus are well developed with few mitochondria in the cytoplasm (Ippolito et al., 1980; Moore De Beaux, 1987). Like other connective tissue cells, fibroblasts are derived from mesenchyme. It is believed that in tendon there are a small number of mesenchymal stem cells that have the ability to differentiate into chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic cells if the conditions allow (Salingcarnboriboon et al., 2003). Tendons have been shown to respond to mechanical load by modifying their extracellular matrix (Banes et al., 1988; Ehlers Vogel, 1998; Buchanan Marsh, 2002; Lavagnino Arnoczky, 2005). Tendon cells receive their vascular supply from the surrounding paratenon. Tendons were once considered almost static and unable to participate in repair. However, the activity of tendon cells has been shown to be active throughout an individual’s life as they express various matrix components (Chard et al., 1987; Ireland et al., 2001; Riley et al., 2002). Regional differences in cell morphology and activity exists in tendons, synovial-like cells that are found in the endotenon and epitenon surround the main fibre bundles (Banes et al., 1988). A greater proliferative capacity and a different matrix synthetic activity is characteristic of these synovial-like cells compared to the fibroblasts within the fibres, and are the first cells to respond following acute tendon injury (Gelberman et al., 1986; Banes et al., 1988; Garner et al., 1989; Gelberman et al., 1991; Khan et al., 1996b). Tendon Extracellular Matrix Macromolecules The following section will discuss the major extracellular matrix proteins and their roles in tendon. This will include the major constituent of tendon, collagen, the small and large proteoglycans and the non-collagenous proteins as well as hyaluronan. This section will also discuss the synthesis of collagens, proteoglycans and hyaluronan. 1.2.1 Collagens Collagen is the most copious protein present in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues and accounts for approximately 90% of the total protein of tendons, or 65% to 75% of the dry weight of tendons (von der Mark, 1981; O’Brien, 1992). There are currently 28 different collagen types (numbered I-XXVIII) present in vertebrates with at least 42 different alpha chains (Veit et al., 2006) with this number continuing to mount (Brown Timpl, 1995; Aumailley Gayraud, 1998). Collagen molecules can be defined as an extracellular protein that contains at least one triple helical domain (van der Rest Bruckner, 1993). Collagen provides the tendon with its structural integrity as well as assisting in various physiological functions. Collagen consists of three polypeptide alpha chains, which combine to form a homotrimer (three identical alpha chains) or a heterotrimer (two or three different alpha chains). Covalent bonds known as collagen cross-links develop between individual collagen molecules in a collagen fibre (Eyre et al., 1984; Bailey et al., 1998; Bailey, 2001; Brady Robins, 2001). The collagen arrangement gives tendon its great tensile strength. Cross-links are formed from a pathway of different chemical reactions that result in divalent cross-links that join two polypeptide chains, to multivalent, i.e. tri- or even tetravalent, cross-links (Bailey Lapiere, 1973; Eyre et al., 1984). These cross-links come about from enzymatic modification of lysine or hydroxylysine residues by the copper-dependent enzyme lysine oxidase (Robins, 1988). Collagens are divided into two subgroups, the fibrillar and non-fibrillar collagens. Non-fibrillar collagens can be further divided into seven subfamilies including microfibril collagens, fibril-associated collagens with interrupted helices (FACIT) collagens, network collagens, MULTIPLEXIN collagens (proteins with multiple triple helix domains and interruptions), basement membrane-associated collagens, transmembrane-associated collagens and epithelium-associated collagens (von der Mark, 1999). The non-fibrillar collagens present in tendon include Types IV, VI, IX, X, XII and XIV (von der Mark, 1999). The fibrillar collagens present in tendon include, Types I, II, III, V and XI (Kielty et al., 1993; Kadler et al., 1996; Fukuta et al., 1998; von der Mark, 1999). The fibrillar collagens contain a continuous triple helix domain, 300 nm in length, capable of undergoing the staggered, lateral associations required to form fibrils (Mayne, 1997). The resulting fibrils provide the structural support for tissues. All the fibril-forming collagens have a similar structure and size, being composed of a large, continuous central triple-helical domain (COL1) of approximately 1000 amino-acid residues Collagen Type Structure type Distribution Function I Fibril forming Occurs in most tissues, tendon, bone, skin etc Main component of tendon, skin, bone, dentin, cartilage, ligament etc II Fibril forming Hyaline cartilage, invertebral disc Restricted to fibrocartilage; forms less-organised meshwork III Fibril forming Vessels, kidney, liver, skin, tendon Normally restricted to endotenon; forms smaller less organised fibrils IV Forms meshwork Basement membranes, tendon Basement membrane of tendon blood vessels V Fibril forming Skin, bone Core of Type I collagen fibril forms template for fibrillogenesis VI Beaded filaments Vessels, skin, intervertebral disc Cell associated found in seams between fibrils VII Epithelial-associated Dermoepidermal junction Forms anchoring fibrils in the skin VIII Microfibril Descements membrane in the cornea Forms a lattice IX FACIT Hyaline cartilage, vitreous humour, tendon Cell and matrix interactions with Type II collagen fibril surface X Forms meshwork Growth plate, tendon Restricted to insertion fibrocartilage XI Fibril forming Hyaline cartilage Core of Type II collagen fibril forms template for fibrillogenesis XII FACIT Embryonic tendon and skin, periodontal ligament Mediates cell/matrix interactions with Type I collagen fibril surface XIII Transmembrane Endothelial cells Adhesion of cells to basement membranes XIV FACIT Foetal skin, tendon Mediates cell/matrix interactions with Type I collagen fibril surface XV Multiplexin Blood vessels Stabilizes skeletal muscle cells and microvessels XVI FACIT Skin, Cartilage XVII Transmembrane Skin, cornea, lung Connects epithelial cells to the matrix XVIII Multiplexin Endothelial cells, liver, eye Needed for normal development of the eye XIX FACIT Basement membranes Forms radially distributed aggregates XX FACIT Corneal epithelium, skin, cartilage and tendon Binds to collagen fibrils XXI FACIT Many tissues Matrix assembly of vascular networks in blood vessel formation XXII Fibril forming Tissue junctions Interacts with components of microfibrils XXIII Transmembrane Metastatic tumour cells, heart retina Cell adhesion, Binds to heparin XXIV Fibril forming Expressed in tissues containing Type I collagen Developing bone and cornea Regulating Type I collagen fibrillogenesis XXV Transmembrane Neurons May play a role in adherens junctions between neurons XVI Testis and ovary of adult tissues Development of the reproductive tissues XVII Fibril forming Cartilage, ear, eye and lung Unknown XVIII Basement membranes around Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Unknown flanked by a variable amino-terminal domain of about 50-520 amino acid residues and a highly conserved non-triple-helical carboxyl-terminal domain of about 250 amino acid residues (for reviews see; Kielty et al., 1993; Fichard et al., 1995; Pihlajaniemi Rehn, 1995; Prockop Kivirikko, 1995; Bateman et al., 1996). The amino- and carboxyl-terminal extensions are commonly referred to as amino- and carboxyl- propeptides, respectively. The C-propeptide is called the NC1 domain, whereas the amino-propeptide is divided into sub-domains. The first is a short sequence (NC2) that links the major triple helix to the minor one (COL2) and a globular amino-terminal end (NC3) that shows structural and splicing variations. Collagen Types II, IX, X and XI (Fukuta et al., 1998) are present at specific sites within the fibrocartilage region of tendon, found at the bone insertion and where the tendon is subjected to shear forces or compression (Fukuta et al., 1998; Waggett et al., 1998). Collagen Types II, IX, X and XI were once thought to occur only in cartilage (Visconti et al., 1996; Fukuta et al., 1998; Riley, 2000). It has now been shown that these collagens are found in the fibrocartilaginous regions of tendon, which wraps under bone. Their presumed function is to help resist compression and shear forces at these sites (Visconti et al., 1996; Fukuta et al., 1998; Waggett et al., 1998). Collagen also plays an important role in attaching tendons to bone. Where the tendon attaches to bone, tendons commonly widen and give way to fibrocartilage, a transformation where the aligned fibres originating from the tendon are separated by other collagen fibres arranged in a three dimensional network surrounding rounded cells (Liu et al., 1995). This arrangement helps to transmit tensile forces onto a broad area and reduces the chance of failure under excessive loading. The following review will focus on the collagens that are known to exist in tendon; this includes collagen Types I-VI, IX-XII and XIV. 1.2.1.1 Type I Collagen Type I collagen is the predominant and most studied collagen type present in the extracellular matrix of tendon, ligament and bone representing approximately 95% of the total collagen content or 60% of the tendon dry weight (Evans Barbenel, 1975; von der Mark, 1981; Riley et al., 1994b; Rufai et al., 1995). It is synthesized by a number of cell types such as fibroblasts, osteocytes and odontoblasts. Type I collagen consists of two ÃŽ ±1(I) chains and a shorter ÃŽ ±2(I) chain (Kielty et al., 1993), these two chains are products of separate genes and are not a posttranslational modification of a single molecule (for review see; Kivirikko Prockop, 1995). The two ÃŽ ±1(I) and one ÃŽ ±2(I) chains of a monomer of Type I collagen are primarily comprised of approximately 338  repeating tripeptide sequences of Gly-X-Y in which X is frequently proline and Y is frequently hydroxyproline (OHPr). The ends of the ÃŽ ±1(I) and one ÃŽ ±2(I) chains consist of short telopeptides of between 11-26 amino acids per chain. In longitudinal sections, the monomers are arranged in fibrils in a head-to-head-to-tail orientation. Each Type I collagen molecule consists of a long central helical region with a short non-helical domain on both the amino- and carboxyl-terminal ends. In tendon, the Type I collagen-containing fibril, organized into fibres (fibril bundles), is the major element responsible for structure stabilization and the mechanical attributes of this tissue. The fibril contains collagen molecules assembled into a quarter-staggered array, and this striated fibril has a 67 nm periodicity (for review see; Kadler et al., 1996; Orgel et al., 2006). Each alpha chain consists of a repeating triplet of glycine and two other amino acids marked as (Gly-X-Y)n. It is the glycine residues located in every third position that makes it possible for the three alpha chains to coil around the other. It has a molecular weight of 290 kDa. When viewing collagen fibrils under the light microscope they have a crimped appearance, during tendon loading the crimp stretches and the fibrils become aligned, and after loading the crimp will reappear, this is an important elastic component that tendon possesses (O’Brien, 1992). The Type I collagen ÃŽ ± chains contain approximately 290 residues of OHPr per molecule. Proline and OHPr constitute 20% to 25% of all amino acid residues of Type I collagen. The parallel arranged bundles formed by the Type I collagen fibrils gives tissues a high tensile strength with limited elasticity, and therefore is suitable for force transmission. The Type I collagen molecule has the ability to form microfibrils (filaments) as well as larger units of the fibrils or fibres (for review see; Kivirikko Prockop, 1995). The diameter of the collagen fibril is usually between 20 nm and 150 nm but can range up to 300 nm, this depends on the stage of development (Dyer Enna, 1976; Jozsa et al., 1984; Fleischmajer et al., 1988). 1.2.1.2 Type II Collagen The homotrimeric Type II collagen molecule was first discovered in cartilage by Miller and Matukas in 1969 who extracted collagen from cartilage in an experiment that involved pepsin digestion. Type II collagen, although most commonly found in articular and hyaline cartilage is also expressed in tendon particularly around the fibrocartilaginous region and consists of three identical ÃŽ ±1(II) chains (Eyre et al., 1992) which forms a meshwork structure that gives Type II collagen the ability to entrap the negatively charged proteoglycan molecules, thereby resisting the swelling pressure of proteoglycans. Each Type II collagen chain has a molecular weight of approximately 95 kDa. The entire collagen Type II molecule is shaped like a thin rod and is 300 nm long and 1.5 nm wide and has a total combined molecular weight of 295 kDa. This molecule is essential in connective tissues that are subjected to compression such as tendon and articular cartilage. Type II collagen molecules consists of a long central helical region flanked at its amino- and carboxyl-terminus by short non-helical regions termed amino and carboxyl telopeptides (Eyre et al., 1992). As with all fibrillar collagens, Type II collagen molecules are arranged in a quarter-staggered array to form collagen fibrils. Lateral associations of these collagen fibrils forms collagen fibres (Mayne, 1997). In tendon, collagen Types IX and XI as well as the proteoglycans decorin, fibromodulin and lumican inhibit collagen Type II fibril formation reducing fibril thickness (Vogel et al., 1984; Hedbom Heinegard, 1989; Hedbom Heinegard, 1993). 1.2.1.3 Type III Collagen Type III collagen is the second most abundant collagen present in tendon, representing up to 10% of the total collagen content in various tendons (Hanson Bentley, 1983; Riley et al., 1994b). Type III collagen is a thin collagen fibre consisting of three ÃŽ ±1(III) chains with a molecular weight of 290 kDa. In tendon most Type III collagen is found in the endotenon and epitenon (Duance et al., 1977), and is also found in between Type I collagen fibril bundles in aging tendons and at the insertion (Kumagai et al., 1994). It can also be found in skin, blood vessels, ligament and internal organs such as the gastro-intestinal tract but is not found in bone (Epstein Munderloh, 1978; McCullagh et al., 1980; Amiel et al., 1984). It strengthens the walls of hollow structures like the intestines and uterus. The fibrils of Type III collagen have a generally thinner diameter compared with Type I collagen fibrils (Lapiere et al., 1977; for review see; Kadler et al., 1996), however the triple helical domain is longer in length being composed of 340 amino acid repeats compared to 338 amino acid repeats in Type I collagen. In the early repair of the injured tendon, Type III collagen fibrils are quickly synthesized to restore strength and elasticity (Williams et al., 1984; Dahlgren et al., 2005). However, the fibrils do not have the same tensile strength quality as Type I collagen and so lack the functional properties needed in a tendon experiencing maximal load. The repair processes continues with Type III fibrils slowly being replaced by Type I collagen fibrils in an attempt to normalize the properties of the tendon (Duance et al., 1977; Williams et al., 1984; Dahlgren et al., 2005). Type III collagen contains high levels of OHPr and glycine. It has been reported that these high levels of glycine may cause localised helix instability resulting in increased susceptibility to proteolytic cleavage and rapid turnover of the extracellular matrices containing this collagen (Linsenmayer, 1991). The frequency of Type III collagen is considered to be an indicator of tissue age, and is common in the early stages of healing and scar tissue formation where it provides mechanical strength to the matrix (Burgeson Nimni, 1992). 1.2.1.4 Type IV Collagen The non-fibrillar collagen, Type IV (Bailey et  al., 1979), is a basement membrane-associated collagen (Light Champion, 1984) composed of triple helical isoforms consisting of six genetically distinct chains [ÃŽ ±1(IV) to ÃŽ ±6(IV)]. Each chain is characterised by a long collagenous domain of approximately 1400 amino acid residues of Gly-X-Y repeats, that are interrupted at several sites by a short non-collagenous sequence and approximately 15 amino acid residue non-collagenous amino-terminus, and an approximately 230 amino acid residue non-collagenous domain at the carboxyl-terminus (Mayne, 1997). Type IV collagen has been reported to represent approximately 2% of the total collagen content of tendon (Ahtikoski et al., 2003). Unlike the fibrillar collagens discussed so far this collagen does not form fibrillar aggregates but are directly incorporated into the basement membrane without any prior excision of the pro-peptide extensions. Type IV collagen is found uniquely in the basement membrane of tendon blood vessels (von der Mark, 1981) where it forms a key structural compo