Annotated Reference List Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Annotated Reference List - Assignment Example stated the addictive behaviors are divided into three important categories which include physiological model, disease model and social learning model. Further in the article she writes about the importance of these models in schools. She emphasizes on school prevention programs which are health focused and promotion programs. The author also describes the implementation process of the above stated models in the schools. This article sends a message across to the prospective counselors at schools and those working with the children. It works as a good professional foundation to understand, what addiction is and how the addictive behaviors can be restrained. This is a peer-reviewed journal article written by Gerald A.Juhnke who is understood to be working for the University of Texas at San Antonio in the department of Counseling, Educational Psychology and Adult and Higher Education. This article provides an updated analysis on the information on the article contents published in the previous years. This article Journal of Addictions and Offender Counseling is published by the American Counseling Association therefore the content in the article remains authentic. The article is primarily directed for the adulthood age group. This article is a literature review based on the previous articles written. New information regarding the author’s demographics and other details has been analyzed to make it more authentic and reliable source in the library. This article is of interest to me as it helps me to go in to the details of each author who has contributed to this subject. Additionally, because it is a literature review it provides me with critical analysis on the past literature written on the subject. Laux, J. M., Dupuy, P. J., Moe, J. L., Lambert, E., Ventura, L. A., Williamson, C., et al. (2008). The Substance Abuse Counseling Needs of Women in the Criminal. Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling, 29(1), 36-48. The authors of this article are from the

Narrative Autobiography. Life Experiences Essay

Narrative Autobiography. Life Experiences - Essay Example One of my friends, Jim said, â€Å"Why not prove our swimming skills today. It is really hot yet a sunny day for all of us to enjoy?† We all agreed to what Jim proposed. So finally we decided to go to a water park and have some fun together. When we got in there was a good crowd and people were having fun. It was a huge park for people to hang out and have a lot of fun. Since it was a warm sunny day and, also luckily it was a public holiday, therefore, one could easily find families and bunches of friends grouped up together for little fun and adventure. I was specifically attracted by an artificial water fall which ended up in a pool. So I said to my friends that I would be the one going first to jump into that water pool from a good height. I wanted to prove my swimming skills on my friends. So, with a deep breath I turned around, smiled and said, â€Å"Hey, since you guys are too young to jump down from such a good height therefore, I have decided that I will be the one ta king the lead and jumping off in the water, trust me, I am a born swimmer.† My friends were amazed and just so thrilled on the idea of jumping from such a great height and above that, what made them more excited was the idea that I proposed in front of them; me taking the lead! Somehow, deep down inside I was little nervous to jump down. But I convinced all my friends that it will be fun to jump from that height in the swimming pool. When we got up there I felt I would not be able to jump from that height and decided to back up. But the fact that I was the one who convinced them to come here on the first place everybody started making fun of me. One of my friends said, â€Å"You were dying to be the fish, desperately wanting to swim in the shallow water, go ahead.† I smiled back and said, â€Å"You will what a fine fish I can be, this is just a piece of cake for a good swimmer like me.† And that was not it other people standing there most of whom were kids and pe ople I had never even met in my whole life started making fun of me. So finally I had enough and thought that being such a good swimmer that I am what harm can it do if I jump. And if I don’t then of course my friends are going to mock me for the rest of my life. It was then when I decided to jump. So I jumped. When I fell in the pool I started swimming but after a while I realized that I was neither moving up or ahead instead I was drowning so I started screaming for help as loud as I can. Fortunately one of the swimmers heard my screams and pointed it out to the life guard who immediately came to my help and rescued me. And I thought that wasn’t embarrassing enough so I decided to ask yet another stupid question. I asked, â€Å"Is that pool deep† the life guard looked at me angrily and said â€Å"if you don’t know how to swim you shouldn’t be around that pool and it’s for your own safety that we make these rules.† Then all my friend s gathered around me and after making sure that I was not hurt they started laughing at me, â€Å" you are coward†, one of my friend laughed at me. But I realized that moment that sometimes it is better to be coward in order to learn the good things in life and to hold the true moments that you will remember all through your life. I smiled back at my friends and replied more humbly than ever before in my life, â€Å"Yes, I am coward enough to be a fish in my other life!†

Reaction time Essay Example for Free

Reaction time Essay How fast a response can be made once he need has been recognised. By improving my reaction time I will be able to move my racket into the correct position to return my opponents shots much quicker. I would also be able to move my body into the correct position on the correct much quicker which would stop the need for over stretching for the shuttle which sometimes causes me slight injuries. This would make my play much more successful within both doubles and singles. After examining each health and skill related component of fitness and evaluating how well I did in the fitness tests I have decided to center my exercise plan round improving my muscular endurance and cardio-vascular fitness. I have chosen these because I believe that before I improve any skill related component of fitness I must have solid health related components of fitness. This is because usually health related components are directly linked with how easily a person is able to develop skilled components. For example without good muscular strength a person cannot be powerful. Muscular endurance and cardio-vascular fitness are the two that need improving foremost as I already quite a good player and therefore come up against many players which are equally matched to myself, therefore the duration of games is usually quite long and endurance is important. Relevant fitness tests to support my aims. Multi stage fitness test = this is a bleep test which participants run between two points which are 20m apart, the bleeps tell the person when to start running and when they should reach the other point. As the levels increase the beeps get closer together. This test will determine how good my muscular endurance is and whether I can run at increasing speeds with increasing tiredness. As one of my main aims is to improve my muscular endurance this test is vital to highlight any improvement made by implementing my personal exercise plan. I could not carry on after level eight; I felt this was quite good but not excellent. I would like to, with the help of my personal exercise plan, be able to achieve level 10. Pull ups = this test just involves how many times I can lift my entire body weight to lift my head above the bar. This is a relevant test as it measures the strength of my arms which is very important in the game of badminton. The strong my arms the more power I can put into my shots and the further and faster the shuttle can travel. I managed just three pull ups. This result is just below average. Improving my muscular strength would be an advantage however this is not one of my main aims of my personal exercise plan. Reaction time = this test involves putting a ruler against a wall and getting another person to hold it. I would then put my strong hand at the 50cm mark. My friend would then drop the ruler and I would have to catch it. The test of my reaction time is how far down the ruler I catch it. In badminton reaction time is also very important as reacting to the shuttles direction quickly is vital. Reaction time is very difficult to improve however nationally I scored excellent so this isnt a major concern for improvement. Illinois Agility Test = this test is rather complicated but a great test of agility. It involves lying on the floor until the timer starts, once it has started I must stand up and run following the arrows on the diagram, each circle is a cone. This test accesses the ability to change direction at speed and the transference of weight at speed. The game of badminton can be very fast and therefore changing direction at speed can be essential. The test took me 43seconds; this is also just above average. Balance = this test involves a static balance which is timed. This is to see how long I can balance on one leg with my eyes closed. Balance in badminton is important as when stretching to reach the shuttle I need to keep my balance so not to fall. I managed to stay balanced for 20seconds this being nationally very good.

Effects Of Domestic Fiction

Effects Of Domestic Fiction Domestic fiction as a genre was predominantly written for girls and young women by women writers, and the genre grew exceedingly popular and flourished in the nineteenth century, especially during the mid to late nineteenth century. Domestic fiction, often referred to as sentimental fiction (due to its sentimental plotlines and characters) or simply womens fiction, became the dominant genre for girls in both Britain and America and the majority of domestic writing upheld and supported the restrictions of the female role. Many novels of domestic fiction have thus been criticised for not attempting to challenge these limitations and empower young women to live a fuller and more rewarding life, rather than simply reinforcing the idea that women must exist solely within the domestic sphere. This dissertation will discuss three different texts of the domestic fiction genre Elizabeth Wetherells The Wide, Wide World (1852), Charlotte Mary Yonges The Clever Woman of the Family (1865) and Lo uisa May Alcotts classic tale Little Women (1868) and will examine whether literature aimed at girls and young women in the nineteenth century began to empower women and present them with the idea of a life away from the restrictions of the domestic sphere, or whether the genre of domestic fiction simply enforced the rules and restrictions of the female role. Introduction During the nineteenth century, the influences upon the lives of children and young adults were very few and far between. Whereas children of the twenty-first century are still undeniably influenced by literature, these children live in the age of television, extensive advertising, communication, the internet and modern technology, and have an eclectic range of influences at their disposal rather than just literature, one of the main and major influences for children during the nineteenth century was the literature that was written specifically for them. Literacy, and literature itself increased considerably during the reign of Queen Victoria, and this can be attributed to a number of factors one of the most important factors being the expansion of popular education. Children and the idea of childhood had begun to be viewed and treated as a state which was entirely set aside from adulthood, and the child was considered to be far more innocent, and possess a far more malleable mind th an the adult. As John Back observes in his study Towards a Sociology of Education: Everything to do with children and family life had become a matter of worthy attention. Not only the childs future, but his presence and very existence was of concern: the child had taken a central place in the family.  [1]   The Victorians of the nineteenth century created an increasingly sentimental view of childhood which would grow to become widely accepted. Queen Victoria herself and Prince Albert set an example for a prim and proper family in which the children were greatly loved and tenderly cared for. Additionally, Victorian parents were advised to be firm with their children, but to deal with them with a larger degree of tenderness than in the past, and adults increasingly saw childhood as a period in which the child needed to be protected from the complicated adult world and its concerns. As a result of this changing view, education for children became paramount, and increasing concern was placed upon ensuring that children were appropriately taught. As Judith Rowbotham writes in Good Girls Make Good Wives: Guidance for Girls in Victorian Fiction; The child was the father of the man, and it was important to adults to ensure that children, who represented the next generation, should be properly taught. The question that occupied many minds however, was of what did a proper education consist?  [2]   Boys were given penny dreadfuls; inexpensive novels which often featured violent adventure or crime and were issued in monthly instalments. However, a well-educated female at this time was assumed to have been fruitfully instructed in the importance of her domestic and social duties and responsibilities, as well as in academic subjects. As a result of this assumption, girls were presented with the domestic novel. Young women and girls were deemed to be more suited to life within the domestic sphere, and the aim of domestic fiction and girls stories was to justify the boundaries of the female position within society and to convince the female, especially the impressionable young woman, of the necessity to conform to the roles of the domestic sphere. Didactic writing of this kind was certainly not a contemporary phenomenon educational and instructive books for young minds were also featured heavily in the eighteenth century. These however, were intended for an upper-class market and w ere published in the form of essays rather than as books. The contribution that girls made in their home was very significant, however it should be noted that that their lives were not always solely made up of domestic duties and responsibilities it was quite common for girls to be as well educated as boys, and to be accomplished and taught in skills and talents such as art and music. Still more genteel than what their brothers were taught, yet there was life away from the duties of the home. Public schools were available to the lower and middle classes, although they were not yet made mandatory, and girls were educated most often from the age of six until they reached fourteen or fifteen. However despite this, women were still discouraged from pursuing an education, as this would interfere with their duties within the home. The July 1848 edition of the publication The Mothers Magazine featured an article entitled Female Education, which encouraged mothers to restrict the time that their daughters were in education, claiming that their accomplishments would be rendered unnecessary after they married. The article states that young women should remain focused on their duties within the home: [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] let her seek a thorough practical understanding of those principles of which she may as a wife, mother and housekeeper, be called to make daily use. We are advocates for a thorough scientific education; but at the same time, for an education for the ordinary [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] duties which females, as wives, daughters and mothers, will be called upon to perform. The piano, and the brush, should never take the place of the needle.  [3]   Domestic fiction at this time was renowned for sentimental and predictable plotlines, exceedingly dramatic scenes and weak, weepy female characters, and this characteristic earned the genre its description as the language of tears. This was a time when the biggest ambition of young girls was to be married and to marry well for a woman to remain single was considered not only to be a misfortune, but a travesty and yet many of the authors who wrote these books were themselves single women. These books were on of the very few ways that young girls could imagine a life other than their own and therefore must have a lasting and effective impact on how they viewed themselves, both in regards to society and personally. Furthermore, the writers of domestic fiction were generally exclusively women, and for a woman to be a writer was at this point a new notion, and additionally, if their works were considered unseemly or inappropriate material for young girls, no one would purchase them. Due to the fact that for these female authors writing was their only source of income, the sale and popularity of their creations was paramount. As a result, it was extremely rare that domestic fiction for girls in the nineteenth century would feature a character who would step outside of societys restrictions upon young women, and who pushed the boundaries of appropriate female behaviour. For this, the genre has experienced many forms of criticism. The early forms of domestic fiction, conceived by authors such as Maria Edgeworth and Mrs. Sherwood, achieved popularity and social status and these stories whilst being improving, were also considered to be entertaining. Alison Adburgham has commented that: the novels were handbooks to the language of the beau monde, to the etiquette of chaperonage, to permissible and impermissible flirtations, to extra-marital affairs, to all modish attitudes and affections.  [4]   The literature was instructive and the characters unrealistic and wooden domestic fiction was treated as the perfect device to teach young girls how they should behave and present themselves. However, writers such as Charlotte Mary Yonge and Louisa May Alcott nonetheless managed to write characters who did venture beyond the boundaries of assumed stereotypes in understated and subtle ways, and unlike authors such as Elizabeth Wetherell, these writers managed to present an alternative life for girls through their characters, and succeeded in upholding societys limitations upon girls in the process. Instead of doing nothing to challenge these stereotypes and being criticised for this issue, these writers somehow were able to empower their female audience to move beyond the restrictions of their domestic sphere and live a far more stimulating life, or in other cases if their female characters did eventually conform to the institution of marriage and a domestic orientated way of life, t hey would still manage to maintain the qualities which some readers may have deemed undesirable and inappropriate. Moreover, with the publication of Little Women in 1863, Alcott challenged and succeeded in changing what it was to be a young girl in the Victorian age, and for decades to come. Due to the vast popularity of the domestic fiction genre in the nineteenth century, it is certainly indisputable that the genre had great effect on its readers, whether it was the impressionable and innocent little girls which read them or the mothers who read them to their children. But an underlying question of this particular genre is whether the effect was constructive in terms of the development of womens rights and their prospects in life and the growth of their position within the social structure, or whether these novels merely upheld and supported the outdated and strict boundaries set upon women of the nineteenth century and earlier, and supported the stereotypes placed upon them without attempting to make changes to this. I will attempt to answer this question in the chapters that follow. Chapter 1: The embodiment of the feminine ideal: Elizabeth Wetherell, The Wide, Wide World (1850 published in Britain in 1852) The girl of the mid-nineteenth-century spent the majority of her time in the company of other women and middle-class girls in particular spent their time with their mothers, their sisters and female servants or nannies who may have lived with them in their houses. Their experience was majorly influenced and centred around a feminine community, in which domesticity and the domestic role which they would pursue in their futures was central to their lives. As the term implies, domestic literature presented the home and the family as the best context and environment for the character building and moral reformation. Drawing heavily on the Sunday school movement, the genre embodied children with the idea that they were able to transform and save others around them through charity, prayer and devotion. Domestic fiction generally tended to conform to one basic plot line, which featured the story of a young woman (possibly newly orphaned, or separated from her parents) deprived of support she had previously depended on and is thus faced with the task of making her own way in the strange and unfamiliar outside world. Her ego at the outset of the novel is often damaged or is simply non-existent, and she believes that her guardians will always be there to protect and coddle her; however she learns painfully that this is not the case as she becomes acquainted with the real world. This is a world in which she is extremely vulnerable certainly not immune to loss, pain or hardship as she may have previously been, and she is surrounded by people who are far less virtuous than her. The failure of the world to exceed her expectations awakens the young girl to her own possibilities, and what she herself is capable of due to her overwhelming good nature and spirituality. By the climax of the novel, the young woman would usually come to realize and believe in her own worth and most importantly, will come to realize an extremely significant Christian value that everything in life, e ven if it is bad, is caused by God and will eventually lead to something good. Commenting on domestic fiction, Nina Baym describes the genre of the domestic novel in Womens Fiction as the story of a young girl who is deprived of the supports she had rightly or wrongly depended on to sustain her throughout her life and is faced with the necessity of winning her own way in the world.  [5]  Written by Susan Warner and published under the pseudonym Elizabeth Wetherell, The Wide, Wide World is argued to be the novel which first established the genre of childrens domestic fiction, and one which certainly embodies these characteristics of the domestic novel. The Wide, Wide World is one of the earliest and best examples of what would grow to become the most popular genre of nineteenth century fiction the domestic (or sentimental) novel and furthermore, it is considered to be Americas first best-seller novel. Warner was an American evangelical writer of religious and childrens fiction and, of course, domestic fiction. However, as novels were considered by some to be sinful  [6]  and damaging to moral education, Warner described her novels as stories. Sales of the story were unprecedented during the time of its publication as in almost a year, The Wide, Wide World sold over 40,000 copies and this number would rise to 225,000 at the end of the 1850s. Her works were among some of the most popular of domestic fiction written in the nineteenth century, and many featured storylines in which both moral and religious messages were woven. Warners novel featured an accurate portrayal of what life was like during the Victorian era in America and this is one reason for its great popularity. Although the novel is written and set in America, the characters of the story are well-born English and Scottish, and they act according to their stock and upbringing, and a period at the end of the novel takes place in Scotland itself. As a result, despite this being an American text, The Wide, Wide World was wholly relevant and applicable to English readers. Mid-nineteenth century readers of the novel recognised and appreciated its relevance to their own lives and women saw themselves and their situations mirrored in the situation of the protagonist Ellen Montgomery, and the people she meets throughout the story. Although this book was written by a woman for women, it was not particularly aimed at children. What sets it aside as a childrens text and more importantly a girls text is the fact that the protagonist is a young woman. Published in 1850, the novel went through fourteen editions in just two years, and the novel was eventually published in Britain in 1852. It maintained its vast popularity throughout the nineteenth century; however it waned in popularity during the early part of the twentieth century, especially around the 1920s at a time when non-domestic childrens literature began to flourish. In What Katy Read: Feminist Re-readings of Classic Stories for Girls by scholars of nineteenth century girls fiction Shirley Foster and Judy Simons it is stated that Warners text served as a bridge between the pious Sunday school stories of the 1830s and the child-centred adventures of the latter half of the century and furthermore the novel featured an unprotected heroine overcomes suffering and tribulations to achieve spiritual perfection and moral maturity,  [7]  and this would become the archetypal plot which dominated the domestic fiction genre. As mentioned in the introduction, domestic fiction in some cases had become known as the language of tears, and Warners novel certainly conforms to this description, as we can see at many points throughout the text. The novel begins with the disruption of Ellens happy life, as her mother is dying and her father has lost his fortune and upon doctors recommendations, her parents travel to Europe, and it is unknown how long they will be absent. Ellen leads a fulfilling and pampered lifestyle in New York, and as a result of her parents departure, she must leave her home in order to live with her Aunt Fortune, her fathers sister (who seems to share his temperament) in the countryside. Ellen attempts to be brave for the sake of her mother; however she finds little comfort and is clearly devastated at her departure and Ellen, crying, flings her arms around her mother, and hiding her face in her lap gave way to a violent burst of grief that seemed for a few moments as if it would rend soul a nd body in twain.  [8]  As well as being a prime example of the domestic novel, The Wide, Wide World is considered to be a piece of sentimentalist literature, and the novel unquestionably portrays how sentimental Warners style is. The action of the story is introverted within Ellen, and we can see that she is a weepy character at many points throughout the novel. For example; Dressing was sad work to Ellen today; it went on very heavily. Tears dropped into the water as she stooped her heard to the basin,  [9]  is an extract from a four page stretch of the novel, and within these pages Ellen is portrayed to be crying on five separate occasions. On average, Ellen sheds her tears almost once every two pages, and it is clear that her readers are expected to cry with her, and many probably did. The Wide, Wide World is described as the quintessential domestic novel, and many feminist critics have focused on analyzing the novels portrayal of gender dynamics. Warners characters conformed to the stereotypes of ideal young women. Ellen Montgomery, the heroine of the novel, is the epitome of what society desired a young woman to be in the nineteenth century; her behaviour is always modest, indicative of unselfish submission to those in due authority over her, such as her parents. Elizabeth Wetherell was an early provider of the stereotype of a good girl on the most ideal lines.  [10]  Her conduct is perfectly ladylike and throughout the novel she pursues self improvement, and although she is descended from luxury and money, she discovers how to become domestic and to care for both the household and herself, and also commenting on this issue, Rowbotham goes on to claim; The message of didactic fiction throughout the nineteenth century was that feminine influence was more essential to the daily moral health and strength of the family unit and of the nation than that of a man. It was a womans first duty in life therefore, to become as professional in her sphere as a man in his; to cultivate her feminine talents in the emotional realm so as to maximise their usefulness within the domestic orbit  [11]   In addition to this, it was believed that self-sacrifice as opposed to self-sufficiency was what marked women as professionals, and Ellen certainly conforms to this belief and it is clear that she sacrifices her own desires for the benefit of those around her. We observe Ellens thoroughly good and self-sacrificing nature at many points in the novel, particularly when her Aunt Fortune becomes ill. Although her Aunt has treated Ellen badly since she arrived in her care, Ellen must cast this fact aside and take over as head of the household, as it was essential for an ideal nineteenth century girl to become adaptable and to keep her composure in difficult situations. Throughout the novel, Ellen experiences and learns self-sacrifice and unassuming nature and learns to do without the luxuries she has been used to, and it could be suggested that Ellen is the perfect embodiment of the Victorian feminine ideal, often referred to as The Angel in the House. The image of ideal womanhood, as def ined by Barbara Welter in her well-known article The Cult of True Womanhood features feminine virtues such as: Piety, purity, submissiveness and domesticity. Put them together and they spelled mother, daughter, sister, wife woman. Without them, not matter whether there was fame, achievement or wealth, was ashes. With them she was promised happiness and power.  [12]   Women were desired and largely required to embody these characteristics and to become the domestic ideal, and this Victorian image of the ideal wife and the ideal woman came to be known as The Angel in the House. The angel was powerless, passive and devoted to her husband, and completely pure. The expression Angel in the House originates from the title of the extremely popular poem by Coventry Patmore of the same name, in which he presents his wife Emily- the angel of the title as a model for all womankind, under the impression that his wife Emily was the absolute ideal Victorian wife. Warners novel is a text which features women, most notably Ellens mother and Alice Humphreys who conform to the ideals of The Angel in the House and it is from these women that Ellen learned to become the perfect and exemplary middle-class Victorian girl. As Signe O. Wegener observes in James Fenimore Cooper Versus The Cult Of Domesticity, Whereas [authors such as] Child and Sedgewick marginalize the mother, Warner allows her more prominence and influence, constantly emphasizing the almost symbolic attachment between mother and daughter. Mrs. Montgomery, although an invealid, is the most important person in the heroine Ellens life, carefully shaping her daughter into an angel in the house and a mirror of her pious and self-sacrificing self. As befits a mother from the hey-day of the cult of domesticity, she has the proper priorities.  [13]   Ellens mother is submissive to her husband, yet is conflicted as she does not want her daughter to be sent away and certainly does not want to go to Europe. However, since both her doctor and her husband (who are both dominant males) demand that she do, she must obey them and the narrator observes, Captain Montgomery added the weight of authority, insisting on her compliance. And of course, the submissive angel in the house, Mrs. Montgomery is required to succumb to the separation. Mrs. Montgomery has absolutely no power in her husbands household yet she never voices her complaints, even when she is to be separated from Ellen whom she loves and adores Ellen learns and demonstrates much throughout the novel from her guidance and it is evident that this is what her mother desires, and we are presented with this fact upon her mothers departure when Ellen is presented with a bible and workbox, essential items for the ideal Victorian girl. The reason for these gifts, her mother explains, is that these will provide everything necessary for keeping up good habits, and that this will help Mrs. Montgomery to rest assured that Ellen will: be always neat, and tidy, and industrious, depending upon others as little as possible; and careful to improve yourself by every means [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] I will leave you no excuse, Ellen, for failing in any of these duties. I trust you will not disappoint me in a single particular.  [14]   Furthermore, under her the guidance of her mother (albeit, her invalid mother) Ellen learns to become the the angel in the house, and one instance in which we can see this is the point at which Ellen experiments in poking the fire in her home. As Mrs. Montgomery is unfit for housework, Ellen learns to recognize the unspoken agreement in which the household duties are transferred onto her: The room was dark and cheerless; and Ellen felt stiff and chilly. However, she made her way to the fire, and having found the poker, she applied it gently to the Liverpool coal with such good effort that a bright ruddy blaze sprang up, and lighted the whole room. Ellen smiled at the result of her experiment. That is something like, she said to herself; who says I cant poke the fire? Now, let us see if I cant do something else.  [15]   Ellen is often unsure of her abilities within the domestic sphere, and this experiment with the poker gives her some idea of what she could be able to perform, and what outcomes they could provide for the house and for others around her and this is clear as she continues experimenting within the room. This suggests, quite literally, that her labours could light up and bring warmth to a cold, dark and cheerless home. She could become the angel in the house or the light of the home and through her domestic labour, as we can see, Ellen herself becomes happier and far more contented. Furthermore, it would appear that her mothers instruction and influence was not in vain and Ellen has seemingly fulfilled her mothers wishes, as we can see by friends describing Ellen as: [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] a most extraordinary child! said Mrs. Gillespie. She is a good child, said Mrs. Chauncey. Yes mamma, I dont think she could help being polite. It is not that, [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] mere sweetness and politeness would never give so much elegance of manner. As far as I have seen, Ellen Montgomery is a perfectly well-behaved child. That she is said Mrs. Chauncey; but neither would any cultivation or example be sufficient for it without Ellens through good principle and great sweetness of temper.  [16]   The embodiment of the angel in the house seems to be a dominant theme throughout Warners text, however one of the women in the forefront of Ellens life who should essentially serve as a kind of substitute of Ellens mother, is the exact opposite of this feminine ideal. Ellen, despite all that her mother has left her with to make an ideal life for herself in her absence, finds little solace with her fathers sister, Fortune Emerson. Described in What Katy Read as: In terms of the paradigmatic fairy-tale structure of the novel, she is the wicked stepmother. Apparently incapable of affection and bearing deep grudges, she tyrannises over Ellen: she cheats her of her mothers letters, she refuses to make it possible for her to attend the local school, and in order to vindicate herself in the eyes of Mr. Van Brunt, her farm manager, she makes her niece confess to faults of which she is not guilty. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] In gender terms, indeed, she seems not only more male than female, but embodies a domineering and aggressive masculinity.  [17]   Ellens Aunt Fortune turns out to be the complete opposite of her mother. Unkind and callous, she shows Ellen no affection whatsoever, and in a letter to her mother, it is clear just how uneasy Aunt Fortune makes her, even in aspects beyond her control such as her appearance and manner: I wish there was somebody here that I could love, but there is not. You will want to know what sort of person my aunt Fortune is. I think she is very good looking, or she would be if her nose were not quite so sharp: but, mamma, I cant tell you what sort of feeling I have about her: it seems to me as if she was sharp all over. Im sure her eyes are as sharp as two needles. And she doesnt walk like other people; at least sometimes. She makes queer little jerks and starts and jumps, and flies about like I dont know what.  [18]   In her new life with her aunt who is neither a lady nor a Christian and who certainly does not behave in a familial manner towards Ellen, Ellen is clearly superior. Furthermore, Aunt Fortune blatantly denies Ellen the further education that her mother desired. Only when Ellen meets Alice Humphrey, a refined Christian woman (who is certainly reminiscent of her mother) does she find consolation in such an unforgiving and seemingly hopeless place. Alice is a pious and idealistic woman and as the daughter of a minister, she is a faithful churchgoer unlike anyone else in the area. Alice essentially takes Ellen under her wing and with this new found companionship, and Ellen receives the schooling and moral instruction that her Aunt Fortune has denied her. Alice and her bother John, who is often away studying at school, save Ellen from the unkind and impious atmosphere her aunt has created and this act of rescue by Alice supports the idea and instruction that girls should not affirm their own desires, but wait for a fellow Christian to act as a saviour and to intervene and of course in this kind of domestic novel, this was always the case. As well as supporting the ideal of the angel in the house and creating characters that appear to embody all of the characteristics of the Victorian feminine ideal, The Wide, Wide World also promotes the Christian idea that the good and virtuous die young, but despite an early demise their deaths are seen as being religiously meaningful however untimely. As a result of these deaths, other characters are able to recognize the failure in their own morals. Although Aunt Fortune is gravely ill, Warner does not allow her a meaningful death as she is not religious or devout enough to be worthy of it. However Alice Humphreys enters Ellens life as an ideal role model and certainly the embodiment of the feminine ideal, and her thoroughly good and pure nature essentially means that she is not for this world: She is able to mount a rescue mission and take over Mrs. Montgomerys duties. However, Alice Humphreys is such a perfect Angel in the House that it is not surprising that Death had already marked her for his own. Before she dies, Ellen learns from her how best to combine education, accomplishments and domesticity, taking over Alices place as daughter and provider of comfort in the Humphrey household.  [19]   Both

The Loons by Margaret Laurence :: Laurence Loons Essays

"The Loons" by Margaret Laurence In the short story "The Loons", Margaret Laurence writes the story of Piquette Tonnerre. A half-Indian girl who grows up under harsh circumstances in a society that suppresses half-breeds. The story is told through another girl, Vanessa, who comes in contact with Piquette through her father. As the title suggests the story also includes a special type of birds, the loons, and we can see an obvious comparison between the loons and Piquette. The loons are very special creatures; they are man-shy and can only be heard at night when they start their cry-like calling. It is said that one that has heard the loons cry, will not ever forget it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the main parts, or maybe the main part of the story, takes place by a lake that is the habitat of a group of these birds, and one could say that the whole story evolves around these beings. The human destroying of the loons' natural habitat symbolizes the invasion the white people made on the Indians territory. This is Piquette's background, and as the birds she suffers from this. The loons show no interest in humans and Piquette also as it seems has stopped caring about other people. She acts indifferently to her surroundings, and nowhere in the story can we see her showing any heartfelt feelings. As the birds become familiar to a new environment near their invaders, and have the chance to adapt to this "nearer to civilian life", Piquette marries a white man and has the chance to make a new life. Both the birds' chance and Piquette's attempt fail. Now they are forced to find another way of living. Their old way has been d estroyed by the newcomers, and they have not succeeded in adapting to the white people's unyielding life style. "Perhaps they had gone away to some far place of belonging. Perhaps they had been unable to find such a place, and had simply died out, having ceased to care any longer whether they lived or not." This is a strange way to describe a group of birds, and in this case I think the meaning is directed towards Piquette entirely. The far place of belonging being the old way of the Indian's, which she has been "unable to find" because of the European invaders.

Slavery And Its Effect On The Uprising Of A New World Essay -- Slavery

â€Å"Slavery and Its Effect On The Uprising Of A New World† In the 17th century, Africans were taken from their homeland and forced into slavery in the New World. Once there, they were exploited for profit by European settlers. Despite mainstream historical accounts, it was African-Americans who built the foundation of the American economy, which eventually made it a super power. This essay will illustrate how Blacks survived in a hostile, racist environment by specifically looking at the psychological and physical brutality of slavery. The Portuguese were the first to embark upon the slave trade. Africans were snatched from their homeland and sold as slaves to the islands of the Caribbean and the Americas in the early 1500s. A prime area for slaves was on the west coast of African. People inhabiting this land were well known for their skills in agriculture, farming, and mining. Slave traders knew that by capitalizing on the mastery talents of these Africans they could become wealthy in other parts of the world. The Spaniards, the French, and the Dutch soon became part of the slave trade, and because of this, slavery grew to exponential proportions. The typical voyage for slaves taken by European traders started down the south coast of Africa into the Gulf of Guinea. They traded African slaves—human beings—for goods such as cloth, rum, brandy and guns. Then they would start on the second leg of this inhumane excursion. When the desired number of Africans was met, they shipped out to what is now known as the â€Å"Middle Passage†. These ships sailed from Africa across the Atlantic Ocean to one of several ports in the Caribbean and West Indies and slaves were bought and sold to work in sugar plantations. The English sla... ...ere often times forced to stop nursing their own infants at the breast and serve as a wet nurse to the master’s newborn. Regardless of age, picking cotton, more than any other activity, engaged all slaves – from the youngest to the elderly. House servants, too, were not excluded and would be drafted into the picking fields, probably to serve as a reminder of their position and equal status to the other slaves. In summary, the labor of African slaves built the foundation of the thriving economy the people of America, and across the world, reap the benefits of today. The label in our t-shirts and the soft, comfortable sheets we tuck our children in at night should read, â€Å"Made in the USA by AFRICANS†! The blood, sweat, and tears of our ancestors built this country and made it what it is today – one of the largest, if not â€Å"the† largest, super-power in the world.

Travel Writing: Romantics to Newspaper :: Analysis Literature Traveling Essays Papers

Travel Writing: Romantics to Newspaper After reading various works from Romantic travel writers such as Gilpin, Wordsworth, Goethe and others, I was interested in how their writings' conventions have changed when a different medium is used. Every Saturday the local newspaper, The Edmonton Journal, has a section that is strictly dedicated to travel destinations and topics pertaining to travel. Appropriately named "Travel," this section describes exotic locations for tourist and travelers. Its articles contrast the Romantics' description of the environment by having less emphasis on the picturesque and sublime, more focus on historical background, and greater detail in the lives of people living there. I believe that these differences are credited largely to one factor; the writing's medium influences what is being stressed as the purpose of the writer is different. Travel articles focus largely on describing nature only in terms of basic description. When referencing a scene with specific characteristics (such as cliffs, waterfalls or mountains) the Romantic writer describes the scene as if the reader has very little experience or expectation for what the scene should look like. The result is often elaborate description after elaborate description. Newspaper travel sections do not concern themselves with such sensory description near the same extent for a number of reasons. The newspaper focuses less on creating imagery for the reader because of the increase in availability to travel, images of the picturesque and sublime on television and movies, and the presence of photographs physically next to the text. 1. Nearly every article, within this section, is accompanied by a large photograph showing the landscape. By presenting the writers' description of the land next to the photograph, the article intrinsically promotes a comparison by the reader, contrasting the colourful photograph with the writer's words. If the photograph presents a landscape different from the vivid description of the travel writer (which inevitably happens with readers' mental constructs) the reader will find it hard to trust the writer in the accuracy of description. The writer wisely follows the saying that a "picture says a thousand words" and is better off letting the picture do the talking. After all, the journalist has less space and more constrictions than the novelist does. 2. The dominant concern for the travel journalist is conveying what they want in a limited space. The journalist does not have space to elaborately describe every cliff, river or valley. It is, therefore, up to the writer to assume that, with the addition of the given photographs, the reader would be able to visualize a serene waterfall or placid lake.

How to Properly Inform an Employee Regarding Their Evaluation Performance Essay

The topic scenario chosen is regarding an employee, Maria of Latino ancestry, who filed a complaint that she was unfairly eliminated for consideration of a promotion because of her distinctive accent. The current employee is a second-generation native-born American citizen, holds a graduate degree, have been employed with the company for 10 years and in her current position for seven years. Another employee, Alex an Anglo, is considered for the promotion instead of his fellow co-worker Maria. He holds a graduate degree, but has less time in the same position. He has been evaluated to show signs of advancement and ambition, as well as have a better job evaluation. Maria indicates that she is the only employee of race, color and sex in her current department. She accuses her supervisor, who is a white male, of being bias and claims that was the reason for her lower evaluation. She stated that her supervisor informed her that she was not considered for promotion due to the fear that their clients would have trouble understanding her accent. She alleges that the company is engaging in discriminatory practices. The company argues that Maria is a good employee but is often loud and aggressive in her approach to co-workers and supervisors and has had some problems with attendance and tardiness. Twice her supervisor has counseled her for tardiness, and once for absence, which each time she gave family problems as reasons. She justified that in each case a family member needed help and it was her duty to be there for the family member. When the issue of accent was introduced, it was acknowledged that it was a major consideration but was not because of discrimination. Maria often spoke very rapidly, and her accent made understanding difficult when she did. The company alleges that the ability to communicate clearly was an essential component of the job in question. This topic scenario was chosen so that managers or supervisors learn how to properly address an employee regarding their evaluation results. This topic is important to the study of cultural diversity because due to globalization, managers and supervisors will eventually come across multiple ethnic groups with different cultural backgrounds and nationalities. It is crucial for managers or supervisors to communicate and successfully solve conflict among diverse ethnic employees within a company. The student will expect to find how a manager or supervisor should determine what course of action is appropriate when conflict has risen about race, gender and accent in a company. Information about the EEOC and the law pertaining about this case will be introduced. Evaluation of the steps taken in this scenario will be explained as well as solutions, if any, will be given to properly execute effective communication. Statistical data will be presented about the increase of Hispanic occupation in the United States as well as gender in the workforce. Solutions on to how improve the company and its managers or supervisors will be given in order to prevent future unintentional discriminatory processes.

Examination of the Role of Evolution Theory Essay

In this paper I will briefly describe the evolutionary theory in general, and specifically as it relates to the study of criminology. I will examine the ways in which natural selection has shaped the processes which motivate human behavior, especially in terms of how competing for limited resources and ensuring that one’s genetic code is passed on are linked to aggressive behavior. Two crimes of which I have personal knowledge will be evaluated, with emphasis placed on the ways in which evolutionary theory may account for the aspects of criminal behavior in each. Finally, I will reflect on the ways in which evolutionary theory may help further our understanding of the causes and predictors of criminal behavior and whether it should become a focus of a practitioner’s efforts to help prevent crime and reduce recidivism on an individual and programmatic level. Evolutionary theory is the study of the ways in which human behavior has been shaped over the history of the development of our species through the process of natural selection. Since human behavior includes criminal behavior, the study of evolutionary theory can he helpful in our understanding of the causes of crime. Evolutionary theory seeks to better understand and possibly predict today’s criminal behavior by examining the history of humans as a species to determine the root source of aggressive and violent behavior. Natural selection is the process by which certain naturally-occurring adaptations get passed on from generation to generation because they provide some advantage to survival and reproduction (reproductive success). Simply stated, if one of our ancestors has a genetic trait that makes him or her more likely to survive, mate, and reproduce in a harsh social and physical climate, this trait will be carried on to his or her children. While on the other hand, an individual lacking this trait will be less likely to reproduce and pass his or her traits on to the next generation. Over time, the gene traits that are favorable to survival and reproduction continue to pass from one generation to the next, to eventually be present in modern man. This is survival of the fittest, that the most genetically fit individuals are the ones who survive and pass their gene pool on to the next generation through sexual reproduction. Evolution through natural selection is a slow process, however, and the environment can change much more quickly than the evolutionary process. This means that the adaptations which increased likelihood of survival and reproduction in our ancestral environment thousands of years ago do not necessarily help us to do so today. Neanderthal’s did not have access to supermarkets, match.com, or central heating. Modern man does have access to plentiful resources, but our brains have not had the time to catch up. In fact, these traits that once helped keep us alive as individuals and as a species can be harmful in our current environment, which is fundamentally different than the environment in which these drives were formed. In his seminal book, On Aggression (1966), Konrad Lorenz posited that aggressive behavior is inherited to help an individual to protect scarce resources, such as mates and food (Lorenz, 1966). Whereas aggression may have made it more likely that you would successfully compete for food and mates in our distant past, it now leads more often to what is considered antisocial and criminal behavior. The two crimes that I will discuss today were carried out by offenders with whom I have worked directly, which provides me with some unique insight into the situations, backgrounds, and psychological mindsets of the actors involved. Last spring, Joe stabbed his girlfriend of 5 years multiple times in the face, chest, and neck. His girlfriend, Donna, sustained multiple life-threatening injuries requiring emergency surgeries and were nearly fatal. If not for the quick response by first responders and the effective interventions of ER staff and doctors, this crime would be classified as a murder. Donna had filed a protection-from-abuse order a year before the assault, after Joe confronted and assaulted her for believing that she had been sleeping with another man. This order was broken several times before the stabbing took place, but Joe was quickly released each time. In my opinion, an evolutionary theorist would say that this act of violence was motivated by the fear of losing one’s mate, and therefore his means by which to reproduce. If this had occurred in our ancestral environment, the motivation may have been more necessary as males would be competing for a limited number of female mates, but this is certainly not the case today. Some other facts about Joe are that he was diagnosed with bi-polar disorder and was not medicated because he could not afford his prescriptions. He had dropped out of school in 10th grade, leaving him limited employment opportunities, he was an active substance dependant, and he was raised in a single-parent household after his mother died in a car accident when he was 7. Joe’s father left his other son (Joe’s brother), who was only four years older, to take on the majority of Joe’s upbringing from this point on. In my opinion, even though Joe may have had an innate drive to protect what he believed to be a threat to his mate, it was the lack of protective forces and the presence of a combination of criminogenic risk factors, across multiple disciplines, which led to his criminal behavior. Evolutionary theory might have been able to describe why some of the mechanisms by which Joe’s aggressiveness developed, but it could not account for the crime itself because everyone is born with these same innate aggressive mechanisms. The second crime I will describe was an assault carried out by members of rival gangs in a dispute over a female and rights to prime drug-selling territory. Desmond is a member of the CRIPs gang and is involved in selling cocaine and marijuana in Northeastern PA. He has a prior record of three Possession of a Controlled Substance with Intent to Deliver charges, two convictions for Assault, and was currently on probation. One day during the summer, he came home to his apartments at the Sherman Hills development to find his girlfriend talking with a member of a rival gang, the Bloods, whom she claimed to know from elementary school. The Bloods are also involved in selling drugs in this area, and both gangs often feud over how the territory should be broken up, but this area was clearly marked as belonging to the CRIPs. Desmond confronted the man, and after he claimed that he was â€Å"disrespected†, beat him up and smashed his head on the curb with his foot. Evolution theorists would state that the motivations involved in this crime would be hatred between rivals (unrelated acquaintances) based on competition for limited materials and intangible resources like social status and respect (Daly & Wilson, 1997). The resources in this case being exclusive access to the money to be made in an area with a high concentration of â€Å"consumers†. The other environmental factors at play here are the perceived threat to Desmond’s girlfriend, or mate, who is the means by which his gene pool will be passed on. In addition, Desmond gave as reasoning for his crime the fact that he had been disrespected and had to reassert his social status through a violent reaction. Although I believe all of these evolutionary motivations to be valid, I don’t believe that it was innate drive alone which led to this crime. Anyone who is in a situation where he feels disrespected becomes angry, but not everyone responds by causing permanent damage to the offender’s facial nerves. As Bartol & Bartol state, â€Å"there is little evidence to justify portraying humans as innately dangerous and brutal or as controlled by instinct† (Bartol, 2011, p. 116). I believe that it was the presence and interplay of a number of criminogenic risk factors which decided whether this interaction would end with words or fists. In this case, the risk factors with the most influence on behavior were low socioeconomic status, lack of a pro-social peer group, lack of access to gainful employment opportunities, and antisocial attitudes and beliefs, among others. There were the difference between how you or I would have reacted and how a gang member reacts. If these risk factors were mitigated by programs initiated to reduce Desmond’s criminogenic risk and to provide him with access to protective factors, the crime most likely could have been avoided. There would be no way, however, to change his innate biological drives, developed over thousands of years of evolution, because these drives are static. I believe that evolutionary theory can help us better understand how and why the physiology and functioning of the brain developed the way it did through the process of natural selection. I also believe that this can be useful to our â€Å"investigation of the mind’s structure and operations† (Daly & Wilson, 1997). This knowledge can help us look for explanations for why some individuals engage in criminal behavior and to better understand the mechanisms by which this behavior occurs; which can give us insight into developing more effective interventions (Ward & Durant, 2011). I think that the evolutionary theory can help us to understand macro-criminality, but I do not believe that this understanding can help us nearly as much in our search for the causes and predictors of crime on an individual level. Working to reduce an individual offender’s risk of recidivating requires a careful analysis of what factors led him or her to lack the ability to control these in nate drives and an intervention program to help them to learn to do so. Every person alive today has been shaped by the same evolutionary process, so what are the factors that lead some individuals to be able to keep these drives in check and make rational decisions while others give in to their primal desires and engage in criminal behavior? I believe that the answer to this question is that individuals who engage in criminal behavior are exposed to some combination of biological, sociological, and physiological criminogenic risk factors while lacking the presence of protective factors which may have neutralized these risks. On these factors is where I believe we should be focusing our efforts and studies. Daly & Wilson state that the insights into the workings of criminal behavior â€Å"should not be viewed as alternatives to sociological and psychological analysis, but as complementary components of a more complete understanding† (Daly & Wilson, 1997) In this way, I believe evolutionary theory can give us insight into the â€Å"how† and the â€Å"why† of criminal behavior, but I believe we should be looking more closely at the â€Å"who†, â€Å"where†, and â€Å"when†. References Lorenz, K. (1966). On aggression. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Daly, M. & Wilson, M. (1997). Crime and conflict: Homicide in evolutionary psychological perspective. Crime & Justice, 22, 51–100. Bartol, C. R., & Bartol, A. M. (2011). Criminal behavior a psychological approach. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. Ward, T. & Durrant, R. (2011). Evolutionary behavioral science and crime: Aetiological and intervention implications. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 16, 193-201.

Effects of Technology in Society

Technology has automated many of the critical processes in the industry as well the household. The electronic gadgets that have entered the homes of the common man have saved him the daily household work. Our world is ever changing an advancing in the realm of science and technology. Our dreams become cornerstones for the future. These days it seems hard to escape the presence of technology. Many of us depend on it to get us through the day, to do our job, to get around, and to find certain things. While technology has brought us such a long way, could it in fact be hindering us in other ways? What happens when these same technologies we so depend on fail? Could most forms of technology just be interruptions, ways of moving us further away from each other? Could Technology cause a form of isolation? We are faced with these questions every day, whether we realize it or not. Think of the days when there were no computers and no modern means of transport. Human life was highly restricted due to the unavailability of technological applications. Daily life involved a lot of physical activity. The life of the common man of those times was not as luxurious as that of the modern times, but he was more active. Daily exercise was integrated in the routine physical activities. It was contrary to the lifestyle of today, which carries no time slot for rigorous exercise and carries laze and inactivity. Think of the days when there were no online messengers, no emails and no cell phones. Indeed the cellular technology created the miracle of enabling communication over the wireless media. The communication facilities provided by the Internet worked wonders in speeding long-distance communication but also deprived mankind of the warmth of personal contact. Emails replaced handwritten letters and communication lost its personal touch. With the means of communication available a few clicks away, the tendency of taking pains to reach the loved ones has vanished. Times have witnessed this industry evolve from mechanical scooters to automated aircrafts. Animals were the only modes of transportation in day pass. Technology was the driving force behind the creation and design of the modern-day automobiles. Bicycles evolved into scooters and sports bikes. The idea of having four-wheeled modes of transportation gave rise to the creation of cars. Modes of air and water came up, thanks to technology. Machines have automated many of the crucial industrial processes. Machines are now taking up many of the mundane jobs that were once executed by human workers. One of the most important breakthroughs for technology was the agricultural system. The agricultural system was the basis for the technology of the future. The agricultural system brought on the need for transportation, workers and even, battles over land. The need for transportation brought vehicles into the market. The need for employees brought mechanical robots into society. Battles over land brought on the need for sophisticated weapons. The agricultural system brought on a revolution. The invention of the television can bring media and other forms of entertainment into your house with video and audio combined. Before 1950, newspapers and radio were the only ways to bring media or entertainment into the house. Mass production and other job opportunities brought many people from the suburbs and farms into the city. We can now have forms of electricity directed into our houses for heating and light. Humans are more reliant on technology than ever before. All of these technological advances sound great; however, there is a negative effect to all this technology. Technology can serve to actually harm humans rather than help them. Competition between companies or even cities can sometimes make lives for humans even worse. Take for example when a city builds better and more roads to attract tourists. This actually creates more traffic, not less. Technology also changes our sense of common purpose. New inventions such as the personal computer and machines can change our lifestyles. Even things we take for granted such as the automobile have negative effects on technology. The oil needed for a car to run needs to be imported and sometimes accidents such as the Exxon Valdez incident spills many gallons of oil into the ocean. All of these examples show how technology has negative effects on society. First, competition can lead to a negative effect of technology. When a company in the U.  S. produces shoes and a company in Great Britain produces shoes as well, they must fight for their market share. Let’s say the company in Great Britain purchases more machines that will reduce the amount of workers needed and improve output, and then they can reduce the price of their product. If the company in New York doesn't follow in their footsteps then they could be forced out of business. In this case the company is forced into buying the machines just so they can stay in business. This has a negative effect on the employees who will be replaced by the new machines. When a city wants to attract tourists by building better roads to lessen traffic there is a mistake because this will only create more traffic since there will be more people wanting to travel these roads. McManus says the inability to see the future is responsible for the negative effects of new technologies. He also states better roads cause more traffic congestion, not less. By creating better roads, more people will want to travel these roads (A-1). If New York City built a new sophisticated highway to attract more tourists then more New Yorkers will want to travel these roads as well. Many New Yorkers who previously used mass transit to travel to work will now want to use a car to travel to work. In effect there will be more traffic and more pollution. There will be other side effects as well. Real estate values of areas near the highway could go down. Competition can help a community in one aspect however it can hurt it as well. Competition can directly stimulate the economy; however, long term effects such as pollution and the loss of jobs could explain why the City of New York doesn't complete a project like this. Second, technology can change our sense of common purpose. For millions of years, mankind has been used to doing everything for themselves. For a long time peoples' main concerns were survival. To survive means to go out into the woods or forests and shoot animals for the food which the family needs to eat for the day. People of modern society never think about hunting for food or clothes. Now, it is all brought to people instantly through a new standard of survival. The new standard for survival means making money to go to a mall or supermarket and getting everything a family needs. A family can get food and clothing at these places without ever having to go into a forest or a lake. This thought is ever so frightening. When a person from modern society goes into a supermarket and buys a pound of fish, he or she doesn't even think of the process that went into the arrival of that piece of fish. He or she didn't need to go to a lake, all that was needed was to drive to your local supermarket and buy it. No fishing or hunting was necessary. Humans are losing their sense of common purpose. â€Å"But what ‘revenge effect' will this have? The technology- resistance movement begins by pointing out that we are cobbling together virtual communities while our real cities crumble, at least partly because our sense of common purpose has frayed. Today, only about 5 percent of American households are on-line, but what happens, the critics wonder, when half the country is wired? Will we escape the unpleasant complications of the world outside our locked doors by opting for communities in ‘cyberspace,' where we can enjoy the company of people who share our interests and our views? Where the streets never need to be cleaned and you don't have to keep an eye on your neighbor's house? What happens if the sirens outside become too distracting? Will we simply buy insulated drapes? Humans are getting lazy. Almost everything must be done for them in advance. However, sometimes this change in lifestyle is forced upon humans. When a company decides to buy robots to do the job that man once did, and then the human is forced into either getting fired or watching the machine all day long. Hopefully humans will not get used to watching a robot do all the work for them. Technology has definitely changed the lifestyle and common purpose of many humans. Conclusion In conclusion, society has recently seen the negative effects of society. Competition between cities and companies has taken away jobs and brought unwanted and costly projects into pleasurable areas. A change in lifestyle among almost every human being is yet another negative effect of technology. What has happened to people since supermarkets came to town? People do not want to hunt for food anymore. They find it much easier to walk into a store and purchase it. A third reason why technology has a negative effect on society is the advent of highly reliant possessions such as the automobile. Many people count on traveling to work every day by car. If the car was somehow taken away from people then there would be chaos. It is much too late to take it away. Humans are much too reliant on it. There is not enough mass transit to transport all of the present car users. Hopefully, future technologies will be fully considered. We must look at the advantages and consequences and measure if society will benefit or suffer from the technology. Past technologies weren't fully considered and if they were, there is a chance that the automobile never would have gone into production.

50 Topics for Impromptu Student Speeches

50 Topics for Impromptu Student Speeches For the many people who break out in a sweat at the very idea of speaking in front of an audience, the prospect of speaking on an unknown topic with little to no preparation is likely terrifying. But you dont have to be afraid of impromptu speeches. As it turns out, the secret even to off-the-cuff speeches is preparation. Impromptu Speech Tips Decide on your topicCome up with three supportive statements related to your topicPrepare a strong conclusion Use this list of impromptu speech topics to practice making a quick speech outline in your head. For each of the topics below, just think of three main points youd like to make. For example, if your speech topic is Your least favorite chores, you could quickly come up with three statements: I dont know anybody who likes to fold laundry, so the first task on my list of unhappy chores is folding laundry.Taking out the trash is another chore that most people dread, and Im no different.The worst chore in the entire household has to be cleaning the toilet. If you go into your speech with these statements in your head, you can spend the rest of your time thinking up supporting statements as you speak. When youve identified your three main points, think of a great finishing statement. If you end with a great closer, youll really impress your audience. Start Practicing With This List My three favorite animals.What you would find in my closet. Make something up.What youd find under my bed.The best letter of the alphabet.Why your mom/dad is special.A day that stands out.The best surprise ever.I lost it!If I had a million dollars to give away.If cats/dogs ruled the world.A trip to remember.My favorite day of the year.If I could only eat three foods forever.If I could design a school.Why books are important.Three surprising facts about me.How to impress your parents.How to plan a party.A job Id love to have.A day in my life.If I could have dinner with anyone.If I could travel through time.My favorite book.An important lesson Ive learned.What Ive learned from cartoons.The smartest cartoon character.Three things Id change if I ruled the world.Why sports are important.The worst chores at home.Why I deserve an allowance.If I were in charge of school lunches.If I had invented school.The best theme park rides.Whom do you admire most?What is your favorite animal?How to achi eve your dreams. Why you need a baby brother.How to annoy an older sister.How to save money.Three things that scare me.Great things about snow days.Things you can make out of snow.How to spend a rainy day.How to walk a dog.Great things about the ocean.Things Ill never eat.How to be a slacker.Why I like my town.The best parts of a parade.Interesting things you see in the sky.Things to remember when youre camping.An experience with a bully.

Confucius and Mackiavelli essays

Confucius and Mackiavelli essays Confucius was a humanist, unlike Machiavelli. He examined the past and distinguished the good and the bad. He remembered important information that was to be modeled or serve as an example of what should be avoided. Confucius felt that force regulation by law could set limits for people. However, he felt that it was too cruel to inspire their daily exchanges. He felt that the governments needed meaning and motivation, something they could not provide. Unlike Machiavelli, Confucius felt the need for love. He felt love is an important place in life and that is should be supported by social structures and ethics. Confucius stressed that one should ...not impose on others what you yourself do not desire (XV 24). He stressed the importance of tradition. He taught that tradition shaped peoples attitudes and would soon be perfected. Machiavelli was not concerned with being very virtuous, but Confucius begged to differ. Confucius states, He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar star, which keeps its place and all the starts turn toward it (Analects XVII). Confucius placed enormous value on art. Those opposed to art were considered half-human. It was not art that engulfed Confucius, but its direction toward virtue that impressed him. Confucius placed emphasis on education. He felt that not teaching a man that had the ability to be taught was wasting a man. Yet teaching a man who cannot be taught is wasting words. Confucius felt that music and poetry stimulated the mind. They both teach contemplation and sensitivity and teach one to serve and respect their parents (Analects XVII, XVII: 9). Machiavelli jumped at the opportunity to ridicule human nature. He had a strong sense of distrust in citizens. Machiavelli stated that ...in time of adversity, when the state is in need of its citizens there are few to be found (34). Machiavelli...

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buy custom History of Literacy essay History of Literacy and Comparison to the Impacts of Todays Technologies Literacy level has been growing along with the growth of technology. Illiteracy was and still is a common factor in the developing nations, but it is not so serious in the developed nations. Literacy has various advantages, and planners believe in eradicating illiteracy as the only way out to achieve economic growth (Ragains, 2006). For planning reasons, planners have made it possible for the governments to understand the need of having statistics of the rate of literacy in their nation. With this development, a history of literacy was made. With the growth of technology, which has also promoted the economic growth, literacy has been increasing considerably. There are different angles which one can take while analyzing the literacy level. One can use gender, age or any other social setting. This creates a clear picture of how this social group have been fairing with literacy, as compared to the others. Literacy level in the developed nations was considered high, as compared to the developing nations before the introduction of technology. United States, for example, in 1970 had a literacy level of 70%. Mid 80s, the level of literacy was increasing. This was contributed to the peoples way of living among other factors that made it possible for the society to deal with illiteracy among them. Among the reasons why this region had high rate of literacy was because there was an infrastructure laid by the government to support the literacy growth (Ragains, 2006). Also the citizens themselves recognized the importance of having a literate society. This nation, for example, was already industriaized, and workers needed to work in the companies, as well as to drive government agendas. In the year 2010, the literacy level in this same nation was 99%. This growth was brought forth by the introduction of technology. Currently, almost all citizens irrespective of age can perform basic duties wit h fewer challenges. Peoples living styles have been totally changed by the technology, and all business and social activities are done by the help of technology. By making technology the part of their lives, this economic region has been forced to be literate for them to survive (Ragains, 2006). In the developing nations, things are different. Instability and continued humanitarian challenges have made it not possible for literacy level to go up. In 1970s, literacy level in Sierra Leon, for example (in Africa), had 11% literacy level. In 1980s, literacy level remained decreasing, holding the fact that this country was involved in civil war. Children did not have time for classes, and instead, they spend all their time at war. With the influence of technology, the literacy level improved to 35%. Although this is considerably not reasonable, technology is helping them to grow, and at the same time improve their literacy level (Gibson, 2006). In the modern society, technology has played a major role where all social or economic activities are done with the help of technology. Technology, therefore, has turned to be the part of our lives. For one to cope with the technology, or to take advantage of the technology, one must be literate. To use a phone, TV and other electronics, literacy must be there (Eisenberg, 2004). This development has pushed those who considered literacy as tertiary or the secondary need. Technology has beecome a basic need, and one has to be advanced for one to extend his or her interest. In the developing nations, introduction of technology has made the society informed, and hence, becoming realistic on how necessary literacy is. With the technology, there are so many channels of information ranging from radio channels, TV channels, news-papers and internet among others. This source of information has turned to be very relevant to the normal human life, hence creating the demand for those who dont no w how to use them to go to school or learn how to use them. In return, the level of literacy has gone up. In years to come, in developed nations, literacy level will be at 100% while achieving a relevantly high rate in developing nations (Bruce, 2000). Technology is the mother of globalization, where the world is expected to live and do business as a single village. Due to this development, literacy rate history stands to change for the better. Holding the fact that all are expected to inter-relate, all are expected to have a standard literacy rate, where business and socialization will be possible. With this, world literacy rate will increase considerably (Braun, 2007). To conclude, the world literacy history is long, but it has been improving with the increase of business activity, and recently, technology has made it realistic for a world with high rate of literacy rate. Technology has united all living human beings, irrespective of the geographical locations, hence creating a need for sharing. This has created the need to learn from others, whereby some have adopted others living standards, hence eradicating illiteracy in the society. Literacy is no more a secondary need, but a basic requirement to all. Buy custom History of Literacy essay

The relevancy of the heartland - hinterland distinction in Canadas economic geography

The relevancy of the heartland - hinterland distinction in Canadas economic geography Until the early 20th century, Canada was primarily an agricultural nation. Since then it has become one of the most highly industrialized countries in the world as a direct result of the development of the 'heartland'. To a large extent the manufacturing industries present in the heartland are supplied with raw materials produced by the agricultural, mining, forestry, and fishing sectors of the Canadian economy, a region known as the 'hinterland'. The 'heartland-hinterland' concept in Canada describes patterns of economic power, namely, where economic power and control resides within the nation. Thus, the heartland-hinterland concept distinguishes raw-material and staple-producing hinterlands from the capital service industrial heartland and reveals the metropolis or dominating city of the system. At a national scale, the Canadian metropolis is Toronto, and the region with the most influence is the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands. But while immense influence radiates outward from t he metropolis located in the heartland, the relationship between hinterland and heartland is one of intimate mutual dependency.The flags of Canada and the United States of Ameri...In modern Canadian economics, neither region can exist without each other, and the well-being of one directly affects the other. These two regions show remarkable contrasts, yet they are to a large extent interdependent on each other, clearly suggesting that the heartland-hinterland distinction is quite relevant in terms of Canada's economic geography.Upon discussing the importance of the heartland-hinterland in Canada, it is necessary to discuss what each term refers to. According to McCann the heartland is an area '... which possesses favourable physical qualities and grant food accessibility to markets; they display a diversified profile of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary industries; they are characterized by a highly urbanized and concentrated population which participates in a well-integrated urba n system; they are well advanced along the development path and possess the capacity for innovative change.'...

Thanksgiving, Variety and the 6 Human Needs

Thanksgiving, Variety and the 6 Human Needs Turkey, gravy, stuffing, cranberry sauce, sweet potatoes, pumpkin pie AND whipped cream. The essential elements to the perfect Thanksgiving meal. We all know that one of the best things about Thanksgiving dinner is the sheer variety of the spread. This Thanksgiving I found myself thankful for the variety that is present in my life- and for a richness that extends beyond the Thanksgiving table. Variety is identified by Anthony Robbins as one of the Six Human Needs. I have been aware for a long time that variety is important to me- and have even found that I crave monotony from time to time to break up the variety! The need for participating in diverse activities has been at the source of my business model: I have created a job for myself where a mix of projects shows up daily. For instance, in one single day this week, here were just a few tasks I tackled: Spent two hours on the phone with the GM (General Manager) of an international manufacturing company in China, perfecting his resume and learning about factories in China. Edited the homepage for The Wisdomkeeper Connection LLC (I pulled out my women’s spiritual training for this one!) Edited a research report on barriers to career advancement for women and people of color and how those barriers can be overcome through effective networking (yes I took women’s studies in college!). Provided material to the author of Social Networking Job Search for Dummies, Joshua Waldman, for use in a coupon book he will be distributing on his book tour. Stuffed 187 holiday letters to past clients (ah†¦Ã‚   a repetitive task). Spoke with two new resume writers who will be joining The Essay Expert team. Yes, I have a LOT of variety in my work. As far as I’m concerned, the more different types of projects I can work on the better.   While this inclination makes it hard to target a niche market, it seems to work for me. Variety is a close sibling to richness, and I appreciate that my life is rich as well as varied. Spending time with family over the holidays was a wonderful way to learn about where I came from and to enjoy the next generation for who they are (and are becoming). I am thankful that I can take my work with me so that I never have to worry about missing business-related messages as I celebrate the holidays. With computer and cell phone in tow, I can go almost anywhere any time- and never run out of vacation days! This capability opens up many opportunities for a rich and fulfilling life, whether it’s attending workshops, spending time with family, or just exploring a new locale. In January I will be traveling to New York for a week to support my mom who is having elective surgery. That trip will add to the variety and richness in my life, as well as meet four more of the 6 Human Needs: Significance, Connection/Love, Growth and Contribution. Who could ask for anything more? I’d love to hear how you generate variety and richness in your life. What are you creating as the New Year approaches?   Please share below! Category:UncategorizedBy Brenda BernsteinNovember 28, 2011 2 Comments Larry says: November 29, 2011 at 10:53 am Youre the second person who mentioned whipped cream related to Thanksgiving to me this year, something Id never heard of before. But in its place, Id substitute another need which you overlooked, apple pie. Thanksgiving requires both pumpkin and apple pie. Best of luck to your mom for her surgery. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: November 29, 2011 at 11:37 am In my family its pecan pie! Wow I cant imagine a Thanksgiving without whipped cream Thanks for your well wishes Larry! Log in to Reply

A List of the Current Chinese Languages

A List of the Current Chinese Languages Mandarin is the most common language in the world as it is the official language of Mainland China, Taiwan, and one of the official languages of Singapore. Thus, Mandarin is commonly referred to as Chinese.   But in fact, it is just one  of many  Chinese languages. China is an old and vast country geographically speaking, and the many mountain ranges, rivers, and deserts create natural regional borders. Over time, each region has developed its own spoken language. Depending on the region, Chinese people also speak Wu, Hunanese, Jiangxinese, Hakka, Yue (including Cantonese-Taishanese), Ping, Shaojiang, Min,  and many other languages. Even in one province, there can be multiple languages spoken. For example, in Fujian province, you can hear Min, Fuzhounese, and Mandarin being spoken, each being very distinct from the other.   Dialect vs. Language Classifying these Chinese languages as dialects or languages is a contested topic. They are often classified as dialects, but they have their own vocabulary and grammar systems. These different rules make them mutually unintelligible. A Cantonese speaker and a Min speaker will not be able to communicate with each other. Similarly, a Hakka speaker  will not be able to understand Hunanese, and so on. Given these major differences, they could be designated as languages. On the other hand, they all share a common writing system (Chinese characters). Even though characters can be pronounced in completely different ways depending on what language/dialect one speaks, the written language is understandable across all regions. This supports the argument that they are dialects of the official Chinese language – Mandarin. Different Types of Mandarin It is interesting to note, though, that Mandarin itself is broken up into dialects spoken mostly in Chinas northern regions. Many large and established cities, like Baoding, Beijing Dalian, Shenyang, and Tianjin, have their  own particular style of Mandarin that vary in pronunciation and grammar. Standard Mandarin, the official Chinese language, is based on the Beijing dialect. Chinese Tonal System All types of Chinese have a tonal system. Meaning, the tone in which a syllable is uttered determines its meaning. Tones are very important when it comes to differentiating between homonyms. Mandarin Chinese has four tones, but other Chinese languages have more. Yue (Cantonese), for example, has nine tones. The difference in tonal systems is another reason why the different forms of Chinese are mutually unintelligible and are considered by many as separate languages.   Different Written Chinese Languages Chinese characters have a history dating back more than two thousand years. The early forms of Chinese characters were pictographs (graphic representations of real objects), but characters became more and more stylized over time. Eventually, they came to represent ideas as well as objects. Each Chinese character represents a syllable of the spoken language. Characters represent words and meanings, but not every character is used independently. In an attempt to improve literacy, the Chinese government began simplifying characters in the 1950s. These simplified characters are used in Mainland China, Singapore, and Malaysia, while Taiwan and Hong Kong still use the traditional characters.

Composing Self Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Composing Self - Assignment Example They have stated that this tool purports to nurture students. However, it stunts the growth of our minds as students (Wesley, 2000). Leaving the form behind meant that you hand an intention of expanding our level of reasoning. I had read in several published journals about the effects of the five paragraph theme. In my opinion, I felt that this writing tool had become a national phenomenon for most of us as students. The status quo that has always reinforced the high school composition instructions is quite dangerous. It came to my mind that you might found out that the five paragraph theme had become so bring in writing and we needed to learn other tools (Wesley, 2000). The idea of abolishing the five paragraph theme as a writing style caused a lot of anxiety. I knew that we would now be taught about a new writing style. I became more eager to learn about a new style and put it into practice. I started feeling that being introduced to a new style would give me a chance to write more. The five paragraph theme had always been restricting me to only five paragraphs in my writing. For example, our teacher would ask to write a seven page essay about two novels. In these kinds of situations, I used to find it quite challenging in fitting a seven page essay in five paragraphs. I felt so excited when our teacher abolished the 5PT. I have a chance to write more without

Employed Person in Different Jobs Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words - 1

Employed Person in Different Jobs - Case Study Example This paper highlights that wine is considered a luxurious drink. In addition, wine costing  £10 a glass is quite expensive and this means such person will have foregone saving just to enjoy a glass of expensive wine. The implication of such spending is reduced level of saving since money which could be saved in spent on luxurious drinks. Further, such spending has far-reaching effects on investments since they are largely financed from savings. Wheat is a raw material used in the production of bread. An increase in the price of wheat is attributable to decline in supply possibly due to low production causing the demand to rise. Increased demand, on the other hand, leads to higher prices for wheat. With the new increased price for wheat and assuming that bread manufacturers continue to buy wheat, they will, in turn, increase the price of bread. The following diagram shows the effect on demand and supply of bread as a result of the increased price of wheat. The above diagram shows the effect of a price increase on the quantity of bread supplied. Basically, bread producers are motivated to produce more at an increased price. For example, at  £5, seven pieces of bread are supplied. However, with an increase in the price of wheat which at the same time causes a rise in the price of bread.  The above diagram shows the effect of rising in price on the quantity of brand demanded. Originally, the price of bread is at  £5 and seven pieces are produced. However, with the rise in price to  £6, the demand curve moves backward. This causes a decrease in quantity demanded to five pieces. Butter and margarine are complements of bread. Complements refer to products which are used together with the item in question.  

International Expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Expansion - Essay Example Using a common standard, which was gold in early times, a nation is wealthier if it possesses more gold. It receives gold for the products it imports and pays for its imports with gold. Therefore, the more it exports over those it imports, the more gold it will possess. The problem with this theory is that it excludes the fact that in some cases it is good to import. And if you completely refuse to import, the population would have to do with some consumer items (Richardson, 2007). In terms of business organizations, this theory was used by many companies in Japan after the second world war, to increase exports. Toyota started operations in the 1930s and was supported by the Japanese government during WWII because of the company's capability to produce trucks for military applications. Because of the scarcity of domestic resources at that time, the Japanese government stopped almost all imports. By 1945, after the allied forces won the war, Toyota was given permission by the US milit ary to start peacetime production. In 1957, Toyota set up a sales office in Hollywood and started selling Toyopets and Land Cruisers (Toyota, n.d.). However, even for Toyota, the purist application of the mercantilist theory was not effective. The design of Japanese cars were not those desired in the new markets they opened up in other countries. Toyota could not force the Americans to buy their Japanese cars, which defeated the purpose of exporting to increase exports versus imports. Instead, what Toyota did was to localize both production and design of its products. By 1967, Toyota had become a well-established automotive company in the United States (Toyota, n.d.). The Theory of Absolute Advantage theorizes that countries should specialize in producing what they are best at (Richardson, 2007). A country has an absolute advantage over another, if it can produce that good using fewer resources than the other (Absolute Advantage, 2008). In the 16th century the Swiss watch and clock industry was very active in Geneva and to this day, the reputation of Swiss watches is the highest worldwide. Geneva itself was already exporting more than 60,000 watches annually by 1790 (Swiss Watch, 2008). Switzerland's expertise in watch making may be considered as an absolute advantage. One of the most successful Swiss watch companies is Omega, founded in 1848 by Loui Brandt. Four years later, Omega was the largest producer of watches in Switzerland with 240,000 units produced annually (Omega, n.d.). "Today, seven out of ten people throughout the world are familiar with the OMEGA watch brand" (Hamel, n.d.). Omega has been applying the absolute advantage theory in its international expansion drives. Its absolute advantage is the reliably fine quality of its watches which has stood the test of time. However, that absolute advantage may be true for Omega as a brand, in general, but may not be applicable on a product to product basis. This is because other Swiss watch companies, and many other watch companies around the world strive to compete with Omega products to make their own brand the alternative choice. The Theory of Comparative Advantage, on the other hand, is an extension of the range of possible mutually beneficial exchanges. The theory says that it is not necessary to have an absolute advantage to gain from trade, only a comparative advantage. As long as one can produce certain goods at a lower cost, even if other

Family Centered Care Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Family Centered Care Case Study - Essay Example This ideology draws on theoretical backgrounds in the humanistic approach in nursing as well as the interpersonal approach also. The current scenario in this literature follows a case study where a family member has died in ICU quite suddenly and despite the high quality of care the nurses who were in charge of the patient have given there was no reliable way to tell the patient was not going to make it. Thus the proponent of care and concern falls on paying considerable attention to the family's needs following this unforeseen event. There is agreement that patients with life-threatening illnesses, including progressive malignancies, need appropriate therapy and treatment throughout the course of illness. At one stage, therapy is directed toward assessment and intervention in order to control and/or to cure such illness and alleviate associated symptoms. For some persons, however the time comes when cure and remission are beyond current medical expertise. It is then that the intervention must shift to what is now often termed 'palliative treatment,' which is designed to control pain in the broadest sense and provide personal support for patients and family during the terminal phase of illness. In general, palliative care requires limited use of apparatus and technology, extensive personal care, and an ordering of the physical and social environment to be therapeutic in itself. Th There are, as it were, two complementary systems of treatment which may often overlap: One system is concerned with eliminating a curable disease and the other with relieving the symptoms resulting from the relentless progress of an incurable illness. There must be openness, interchange, and overlap between the two systems so that the patient receives continuous appropriate care. The patient should not be subjected to aggressive treatment that offers no hope of being effective in curing or controlling the disease and may only cause further distress. Obviously, the clinician must be on the alert for any shifts that may occur in the course of a terminal illness, which make the patient again a candidate for active treatment. Patients suffer not only from inappropriate active care, but also from inept terminal care. This is well documented by studies that only confirm what dying patients and their families know at first hand. These principles have been prepared as an aid to those who ha ve initiated or are planning programs for the terminally ill in delineating standards of care. General Assumptions and Principles in the Care and Commitment to the Terminally Ill Patient and the Family The care of the dying is a process involving needs of the patient, family, and caregivers. The interaction of these three groups of individuals must constantly be assessed with the aim being the best possible care of the patient. This cannot be accomplished, however, if the needs of the family and/or caregiver are negated (Dickenson & Johnson 1993, pg. 76). The problems of the patient-family facing terminal illness include a wide variety of issues: psychological, legal, social, spiritual, economic, and interpersonal. Care requires collaboration of many disciplines working as an integrated clinical team, meeting for frequent discussions, and with commonness of purpose. Dying tends to produce a feeling